PERAN SANGADI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM MUSYAWARAH PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN (Studi di Desa Pimpi Kecamatan Bintauna Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara)

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengetahui peran sangadi untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan di Desa Pimpi Kecamatan Bintauna Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa peran sangadi dalam meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat untuk mengikuti musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan Desa, yaitu dengan menggunakan undangan tertulis yang diedarkan seminggu sebelum kegiatan musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan Desa dilaksanakan dengan maksud agar anggota masyarakat yang memiliki mata pencaharian sebagai Petani maupun sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang mau ikut musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan Desa dapat menyesuaikan rencana kegiatan yang sudah di jadwalkan oleh pemerintah Desa. Melalui undangan lisan disampaikan melalui kepala-kepala dusun kepada tokoh-tokoh masyarakat agar dapat memastikan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat tersebut dapat manghadiri acara musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan Desa. sehingga pemikiran-pemikiran mereka sangat dibutuhkan dalam proses musyawarah perencanan pembangunan Desa.Kata Kunci: Efektivitas, Kepemimpinan, Pembinaan Kemasyarakatan

Viral hepatitis - The road traveled and the journey remaining

Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver and is commonly due to infection with The hepatotropic viruses - hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis carries one of the highest disease burdens globally and has caused significant morbidity and mortality among different patient populations. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic or acute flu-like illness to acute liver failure or chronic liver disease, characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly and ascites among many other signs. Eventually, this can lead to fibrosis (cirrhosis) of the liver parenchyma and carries a risk of development into hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are most notorious for causing liver cirrhosis; in 2019, an estimated 296 million people worldwide had chronic hepatitis B infection and 58 million are currently estimated to have chronic hepatitis C, with 1.5 million new infections of both hepatitis B and C, occurring annually. With the help of latest serological biomarkers and viral nucleic acid amplification tests, it has become rather simple to efficiently screen, diagnose and monitor patients with hepatitis, and to commence with appropriate antiviral treatment. More importantly, the development of vaccinations against some of these viruses has greatly helped to curb the infection rates. Whilst there has been exceptional progress over the years in the management of viral hepatitis, many hurdles still remain which must be addressed in order to proceed towards a hepatitis-free world. This review will shed light on the origin and discovery of the hepatitis viruses, the global epidemiology and clinical symptoms, diagnostic modalities, currently available treatment options, the importance of prevention, and the journey needed to move forward towards the eradication of its global disease burden

Education on the Use of Masks and Hand Hygiene in Preschool Age Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic At Mentari Kindergarten, West Pilohayanga Village, Telaga District, Gorotalo Regency

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals. In humans, it usually causes respiratory tract infections, ranging from the common cold to serious illnesses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This virus spreads very quickly and has spread to almost all countries, including Indonesia, this is certainly very disturbing to all levels of society, preschool age children are one of the age groups that are vulnerable to being infected with COVID-19. This is the goal of community service activities to increase the knowledge of preschool age children with "Education on the Use of Masks and Hand Hygiene in Preschool Age Children During the Pandemic". The method used is education using Power points, banners, videos and leaflets about the use of masks and hand hygiene during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this activity achieved good results because as many as 22 students participated in the counseling. It is hoped that this activity can help the community, especially preschool-aged children, to implement clean and healthy living behaviors, always use masks and wash hands to prevent infection with COVID-1

Identification and characterisation of a Bacillus licheniformis strain with profound keratinase activity for degradation of melanised feather

Significant amount of keratins in the form of feather, hair, hoof and horn are generated annually by the livestock industry. Keratinases are increasingly important in the reprocessing and environmental pollution control of keratin wastes. The aim of this study is to isolate a microbial strain of high keratinase activity and to evaluate its feather degrading potential. Thirty-two keratin degrading microbial strains from farmyard wastes and primary effluent were isolated using a selective medium containing feather meal at 30, 37 and 50 °C. One of the isolates, which demonstrated the highest keratinolytic activity (11.00 ± 0.71 Uml-1) was identified as a species of Bacillus licheniformis based on the 16S rDNA analysis, designated as strain N22 and deposited in a culture collection. Optimum keratinase production by this bacterium was achieved in 32 h using a minimum growth medium containing 1.1% (w/v) feather meal at 50 °C and pH 8.5. The molecular weight of the keratinase was ≈ 28 KDa as determined sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The keratinase reported here significantly degraded melanised feather in 48 h in the absence of reducing agents. There are few reports on the evaluation of feather degrading ability of keratinases using highly resistant melanised feather. The efficient degradation of melanised feathers by this keratinase may offer an environmentally friendly solution to the degradation of feather waste and other organic matter of similar molecular composition

Early gut colonisation by Bifidobacterium breve and B. catenulatum differentially modulates eczema risk in children at high-risk of developing allergic disease

BACKGROUND: An altered compositional signature and reduced diversity of early gut microbiota are linked to development of allergic disease. We investigated the relationship between dominant Bifidobacterium species during early postnatal period and subsequent development of allergic disease in the first year of life. METHODS: Faecal samples were collected at age 1 week, 1 month and 3 months from 117 infants at high risk of allergic disease. Bifidobacterium species were analysed by quantitative PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Infants were examined at 3, 6 and 12 months, and skin prick test performed at 12 months. Eczema was diagnosed according to the UK-Working Party criteria. RESULTS: The presence of B. catenulatum at 3 months was associated with a higher risk of developing eczema (ORadj =4.5; 95% CI 1.56 to 13.05, padj =0.005). Infants colonised with B. breve at 1 week (ORadj =0.29; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.95, padj =0.04) and 3 months (ORadj =0.15; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.44, padj =0.00001) had a reduced risk of developing eczema. Furthermore, the presence of B. breve at 3 months was associated with a lower risk of atopic sensitisation at 12 months (ORadj =0.38; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.98, padj =0.05). B. breve colonisation patterns were influenced by maternal allergic status, household pets and number of siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal variations in Bifidobacterium colonisation patterns early in life are associated with later development of eczema and/or atopic sensitisation in infants at high risk of allergic disease. Modulation of the early microbiota may provide a means to prevent eczema in high risk infants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Effect of barrier microbes on organ-based inflammation

The prevalence and incidence of chronic inflammatory disorders, including allergies and asthma, as well as inflammatory bowel disease, remain on the increase. Microbes are among the environmental factors that play an important role in shaping normal and pathologic immune responses. Several concepts have been put forward to explain the effect of microbes on the development of these conditions, including the hygiene hypothesis and the microbiota hypothesis. Recently, the dynamics of the development of (intestinal) microbial colonization, its effect on innate and adaptive immune responses (homeostasis), and the role of environmental factors, such as nutrition and others, have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, there is now increasing evidence that a qualitative and quantitative disturbance in colonization (dysbiosis) is associated with dysfunction of immune responses and development of various chronic inflammatory disorders. In this article the recent epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental evidence for this interaction is discussed