Full-genome study of gene expression in lumbar spinal cord of mice after 30-day space flight on Bion-M1 biosatellite

Experiments were conducted on male mice of the C57BL/6J for full genome study of gene expression. The animals were divided into two groups.The 'flight group' mice that had spent 30 days in space and the 'control group' mice that stayed on Earth. The spinal cord of the 'flight' group mice as extracted 14h following the biosatellite's landing. The spinal cord of the control group mice was extracted at the same time.Then the lumbar spinal cord was frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept until the beginning of the study at -80°C. Quality control of the feature was performed using the settings recommended by Agilent Technologies. Signal background was subtracted and the signal intensity of each gene was globally normalized using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing. The analysis suggests that various functional groups of genes in different types of cells in spinal cord may be involved in the development of HLS and some changes in gene expression certainly happened in motor neurons innervating affected skeletal muscles

Влияние процесса старения на свойства дорожных битумных вяжущих, содержащих термоэластопласты и резиновую крошку, получаемую методом высокотемпературного сдвигового измельчения

The influence of the aging process on the properties of asphalt binders modified with active powder of discretely devulcanized rubber (APDDR) obtained in rotor dispersers by using the technique of high-temperature shearinduced grinding (HTSG), and other types of modifier. Comprehensive study of asphalt binders according to American Standard Super Pave showed that the use of APDDR can significantly improve not only the level of performance characteristics of asphalt concrete pavement, but the aging resistance of the material during manufacture asphalt mix that is caused as a dry way of introducing this type of modifier and its complex physicochemical properties. Conducted on Dynamic Shear Rheometer test bitumen modified crumb rubber by HTSG showed applicability APDDR particles as an effective modifier asphalt binders and asphalt coatings, designed to work in different climatic zones with the highest loads.В работе исследовано влияние процесса старения на структуру и реологические свойства дорожного битума БНД 60/90 и битумных вяжущих, модифицированных резиновой крошкой, получаемой в роторных диспергаторах методом высокотемпературного сдвигового измель-чения (ВСИ), а также другими типами модификаторов. Комплексное изучение битума и битум-ных вяжущих в соответствии с американским стандартом “SuperРave” показало, что применение данной резиновой крошки позволяет существенно повысить уровень эксплуатационных свойств асфальтобетонного покрытия. Битум, модифицированный резиновой крошкой, показывает наилучшие результаты по сравнению с другими типами модификаторов как до, так и после моделирования процесса старения

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described

The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.

Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В КРОВЕНОСНЫХ МИКРОСОСУДАХ МИОКАРДА ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЧЕРЕПНОМОЗГОВОЙ ТРАВМЕ

Aim of the research is to evaluate the structure changes of the capillaries, arterioles, venules and intra and extravascular alterations in myocardium of rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Material and methods. Experiments were performed in 18 white male noninbred rats. Midline thoracotomy was performed, and the heart excised under intraperitoneal anesthesia (sodium thiopental) on 3, 7 and 12 days after TBI. Myocardial tissue of the left ventricle was examined under light and electron microscopy.The results showed that following brain trauma there were changes of microvascular wall characterized by alterations of permeability, paracellular oedema, outgrowths of vessel endothelium, swelling, edema, and thinning of endothelial cells, intussusceptions, vacuolization of cytoplasm with fragmentation within the myocardium of the rats with TBI. Intravascular changes were manifested by the formation of hyaline thrombi, microaggregates and sludge of red blood cells in the lumen, altered vascular membrane structures, bubbles or even complete absence of circulation in capillaries (noreflow). Alterations outside of the vascular wall were manifested by the formation of diapedetic hemorrhage and development of a strongly pronounced perivascular edema. The injury of microvessels and the microrelief of the luminal surface of endothelial cells appeared to be important factors of activation of vascularplatelet mechanism of hemostasis.Conclusion. Treatment of traumatic disease should consider the need in timely correction of nonspecific alter ations associated with TBI to optimize the restructuring of cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, abrogate endothelial dysfunction and prevent microcirculatory complications.Цель: оценить структурные изменения капилляров, артериол, венул, внутри и внесосудистые нарушения в миокарде крыс, перенесших черепномозговую травму (ЧМТ).Материал и методы. На 18 белых нелинейных крысахсамках моделировали ЧМТ. Через 3, 7 и 12 суток после травмы на фоне внутрибрюшинного введения тиопентала натрия осуществляли декапитацию крыс, производили срединную торакотомию и извлекали сердце. Ткань миокарда левого желудочка исследовали с помощью светового и электронного микроскопа.Результаты исследования показали, что у крыс, перенесших ЧМТ, в миокарде формируются изменения стенки микрососудов, которые проявляются в нарушении ее проницаемости, перицеллюлярном отеке, образовании выростов эндотелия в просвет сосуда, набухании, отеке, истончении и деформации поверхности эндотелиальных клеток, вакуализации и выбухании фрагментов цитоплазмы. Внутрисосудистые изменения проявляются образованием гиалиновых тромбов, микроагрегатов и сладжей, в обнаружении в просвете сосудов мембранных структур, пузырей и даже полного отсутствия циркуляции в части капилляров (феномен norefloy). Нарушения за пределами сосудистой стенки проявляются в формировании диапедезных кровоизлияний и развитии выраженного периваскулярного отека. Повреждения микрососудов и, особенно, микрорельефа люминальной поверхности эндотелиоцитов являются значимыми факторами активации сосудистотромбоцитарного звена системы гемостаза.Заключение. Терапия травматической болезни должна быть направлена на своевременную коррекцию патогенетических факторов, вызывающих перестройку цитоскелета эндотелиальных клеток, а также эндотелиальной дисфункции и нарушений микроциркуляции

Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia

Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are one of the few large terrestrial carnivores that maintained a wide geographic distribution across the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Recent genetic studies have suggested that, despite this continuous presence, major demographic changes occurred in wolf populations between the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, and that extant wolves trace their ancestry to a single late Pleistocene population. Both the geographic origin of this ancestral population and how it became widespread remain a mystery. Here we analyzed a large dataset of novel modern and ancient mitochondrial wolf genomes, spanning the last 50,000 years, using a spatially and temporally explicit modeling framework to show that contemporary wolf populations across the globe trace their ancestry to an expansion from Beringia at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum - a process most likely driven by the significant ecological changes that occurred across the Northern Hemisphere during this period. This study provides direct ancient genetic evidence that long-range migration has played an important role in the population history of a large carnivore and provides an insight into how wolves survived the wave of megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last glaciation. Moreover, because late Pleistocene grey wolves were the likely source from which all modern dogs trace their origins, the demographic history described in this study has fundamental implications for understanding the geographical origin of the dog

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture