The transfer of Design and Technology (D&T) to the United States: a case study

This paper reports the intent, progress, and initial results in the transfer of elementary design and technology classroom practice in the United Kingdom to classrooms in the United States Referenced are three reported projects funded by the National Science Foundation that were intended to improve student performance in science and mathematics. The projects included two material development efforts, and a teacher in-service training initiative. Data was collected from three, selected demonstration sites – one each from rural, urban and suburban settings – that tested students, who had been introduced to design and technology. All three schools conducted performance testing of third-grade students (age 10). The analysis and observations provide indications regarding the effectiveness of the projects in preparing teachers and in helping students improve performance in science and math. Although the observations must be seen as tentative, the results suggest that design and technology might play an important supportive role in improving instruction and performance in elementary schools in the United States, and that the transfer effort is well worth pursuing

Foot pressure distributions during walking in African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

Elephants, the largest living land mammals, have evolved a specialized foot morphology to help reduce locomotor pressures while supporting their large body mass. Peak pressures that could cause tissue damage are mitigated passively by the anatomy of elephants' feet, yet this mechanism does not seem to work well for some captive animals. This study tests how foot pressures vary among African and Asian elephants from habitats where natural substrates predominate but where foot care protocols differ. Variations in pressure patterns might be related to differences in husbandry, including but not limited to trimming and the substrates that elephants typically stand and move on. Both species' samples exhibited the highest concentration of peak pressures on the lateral digits of their feet (which tend to develop more disease in elephants) and lower pressures around the heel. The trajectories of the foot's centre of pressure were also similar, confirming that when walking at similar speeds, both species load their feet laterally at impact and then shift their weight medially throughout the step until toe-off. Overall, we found evidence of variations in foot pressure patterns that might be attributable to husbandry and other causes, deserving further examination using broader, more comparable samples

Guide to archiving personal data

Key messages in this Guide: -Data Protection law shapes archiving of personal data. It supports it and does not prevent it; -Personal data worthy of permanent preservation should be safeguarded by recordkeepers until it is archived; - The new archiving in the public interest purpose adapts the operation of various principles and maintains exemptions from data subject rights such as the right to be forgotten and data rectification where the necessary safeguards are met

Biomechanical evolution of solid bones in large animals: a microanatomical investigation

International audienc

Una aproximación ecológica a la silvicultura del roble:síntesis de 50 años de investigación en ecosistemas de roble en Norteamérica

Oak (Quercus L.) is an abundant and widely distributed genus in eastern North America. A history of periodic ire, grazing, canopy disturbance and timber harvesting has favored oak's dominance. But, changes in this regime toward much less ire or complete ire suppression, and selective cutting are causing the successional replacement of oak. High populations of forest herbivores such as whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), invasive species such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), or dominance of native lora such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) can also inhibit oak regeneration and add to its loss within a region. Successful oak regeneration is dependent on having an adequate number of large oak advance reproduction before stand regeneration. However, this prerequisite is often lacking in eastern oak forests. Many oak stands have either few or no oak advance reproduction, and when present, it is small and noncompetitive. These common situations can be addressed through silviculture. The lack of oak seedlings in older, mature stands is addressed with a three-stage shelterwood method that promotes acorn production and site preparatory burning that increases acorn germination success. In younger, i.e., sapling and pole stands, crop tree thinning to release co-dominant oaks promotes crown development and future acorn production. The lack of competitive-sized oak reproduction is addressed with a two ­ or three ­ stage shelterwood sequence because this method is very useful for providing adequate light to foster root development of the shade intolerant oak seedlings. Application of the shelterwood method often includes herbicides or prescribed ire to control competing vegetation either before or after the inal overstory removal. When adequate oak advance reproduction is present, then clearcutting is a viable option, but measures may be needed after harvesting to control competing vegetation. Prescribed ire applied several times after inal removal of the shelterwood, or clearcutting is proving a useful tool to favor oak. These silvicultural practices generally have either no or positive impacts on non-target communities of herbaceous plants, mammals, birds, and herpetofauna.Los encinos constituyen un género (Quercus L.) abundante y ampliamente distribuido en los bosques del este de Norte América. La dominancia de los encinos se debe, en gran parte, a una historia de frecuentes disturbios que incluyen fuegos, herbivoría por mamíferos y explotación forestal. Alteraciones a estos regímenes de disturbios históricos hacia disturbios con menos frecuencia e intensidad, y la supresión de fuego, han ocasionado un remplazo gradual de los encinos. El aumento de poblaciones de herbívoros mamíferos (por ejemplo, Odocoileus virginianus), de insectos invasivos (por ejemplo, Lymantria dispar), o la dominancia de arbustos nativos (por ejemplo, Kalmia latifolia) impiden la regeneración de los encinos y contribuyen a su deterioro dentro de una región. La regeneración exitosa de los encinos depende de obtener un nivel adecuado de regeneración avanzada antes de que se inicien los cortes inales. La producción de bellotas puede incrementarse en rodales jóvenes con la aplicación de raleos para estimular el desarrollo de los doseles, o en rodales maduros utilizando una serie de cortes de protección para estimular la producción de semillas. Los cortes de protección suelen estimular el desarrollo de especies helióilas como los encinos, porque aumentan la luminosidad en el sotobosque. Estos cortes usualmente se aplican en conjunto con procedimientos para controlar la vegetación en el sotobosque que compite con los encinos, como el uso de herbicidas o quemas prescritas. Si existe una cantidad adecuada de regeneración avanzada, el uso de la tala raza es apropiado, pero usualmente requiere el control de la competencia (por ejemplo, de malezas) que puede desarrollarse después de la cosecha. La quema prescrita, aplicada una o varias veces después de los cortes de protección o de la tala raza, es una práctica viable que favorece a los encinos. Todas estas intervenciones generalmente ocasionan una respuesta relativamente neutra o positiva a las comunidades de otros grupos de organismos como plantas herbáceas, aves, mamíferos, y la herpetofauna

A new high-performance heterologous fungal expression system based on regulatory elements from the Aspergillus terreus terrein gene cluster

Recently, the Aspergillus terreus terrein gene cluster was identified and selected for development of a new heterologous expression system. The cluster encodes the specific transcription factor TerR that is indispensable for terrein cluster induction. To identify TerR binding sites, different recombinant versions of the TerR DNA-binding domain were analyzed for specific motif recognition. The high affinity consensus motif TCGGHHWYHCGGH was identified from genes required for terrein production and binding site mutations confirmed their essential contribution to gene expression in A. terreus. A combination of TerR with its terA target promoter was tested as recombinant expression system in the heterologous host Aspergillus niger. TerR mediated target promoter activation was directly dependent on its transcription level. Therefore, terR was expressed under control of the regulatable amylase promoter PamyB and the resulting activation of the terA target promoter was compared with activation levels obtained from direct expression of reporters from the strong gpdA control promoter. Here, the coupled system outcompeted the direct expression system. When the coupled system was used for heterologous polyketide synthase expression high metabolite levels were produced. Additionally, expression of the Aspergillus nidulans polyketide synthase gene orsA revealed lecanoric acid rather than orsellinic acid as major polyketide synthase product. Domain swapping experiments assigned this depside formation from orsellinic acid to the OrsA thioesterase domain. These experiments confirm the suitability of the expression system especially for high-level metabolite production in heterologous hosts

Large herbivores transform plant-pollinator networks in an African savanna

Pollination by animals is a key ecosystem service1,2 and interactions between plants and their pollinators are a model system for studying ecological networks,3,4 yet plant-pollinator networks are typically studied in isolation from the broader ecosystems in which they are embedded. The plants visited by pollinators also interact with other consumer guilds that eat stems, leaves, fruits, or seeds. One such guild, large mammalian herbivores, are well-known ecosystem engineers5, 6, 7 and may have substantial impacts on plant-pollinator networks. Although moderate herbivory can sometimes promote plant diversity,8 potentially benefiting pollinators, large herbivores might alternatively reduce resource availability for pollinators by consuming flowers,9 reducing plant density,10 and promoting somatic regrowth over reproduction.11 The direction and magnitude of such effects may hinge on abiotic context—in particular, rainfall, which modulates the effects of ungulates on vegetation.12 Using a long-term, large-scale experiment replicated across a rainfall gradient in central Kenya, we show that a diverse assemblage of native large herbivores, ranging from 5-kg antelopes to 4,000-kg African elephants, limited resource availability for pollinators by reducing flower abundance and diversity; this in turn resulted in fewer pollinator visits and lower pollinator diversity. Exclusion of large herbivores increased floral-resource abundance and pollinator-assemblage diversity, rendering plant-pollinator networks larger, more functionally redundant, and less vulnerable to pollinator extinction. Our results show that species extrinsic to plant-pollinator interactions can indirectly and strongly alter network structure. Forecasting the effects of environmental change on pollination services and interaction webs more broadly will require accounting for the effects of extrinsic keystone species

More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the global expendable bathythermograph network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future

The first eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs) were deployed in the 1960s in the North Atlantic Ocean. In 1967 XBTs were deployed in operational mode to provide a continuous record of temperature profile data along repeated transects, now known as the Global XBT Network. The current network is designed to monitor ocean circulation and boundary current variability, basin-wide and trans-basin ocean heat transport, and global and regional heat content. The ability of the XBT Network to systematically map the upper ocean thermal field in multiple basins with repeated trans-basin sections at eddy-resolving scales remains unmatched today and cannot be reproduced at present by any other observing platform. Some repeated XBT transects have now been continuously occupied for more than 30 years, providing an unprecedented long-term climate record of temperature, and geostrophic velocity profiles that are used to understand variability in ocean heat content (OHC), sea level change, and meridional ocean heat transport. Here, we present key scientific advances in understanding the changing ocean and climate system supported by XBT observations. Improvement in XBT data quality and its impact on computations, particularly of OHC, are presented. Technology development for probes, launchers, and transmission techniques are also discussed. Finally, we offer new perspectives for the future of the Global XBT Network

Behaviour and Physiology: The Thermal Strategy of Leatherback Turtles

Background: Adult leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) exhibit thermal gradients between their bodies and the environment of $8uC in sub-polar waters and #4uC in the tropics. There has been no direct evidence for thermoregulation in leatherbacks although modelling and morphological studies have given an indication of how thermoregulation may be achieved. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show for the first time that leatherbacks are indeed capable of thermoregulation from studies on juvenile leatherbacks of 16 and 37 kg. In cold water (, 25uC), flipper stroke frequency increased, heat loss through the plastron, carapace and flippers was minimized, and a positive thermal gradient of up to 2.3uC was maintained between body and environment. In warm water (25 – 31uC), turtles were inactive and heat loss through their plastron, carapace and flippers increased. The thermal gradient was minimized (0.5uC). Using a scaling model, we estimate that a 300 kg adult leatherback is able to maintain a maximum thermal gradient of 18.2uC in cold sub-polar waters. Conclusions/Significance: In juvenile leatherbacks, heat gain is controlled behaviourally by increasing activity while heat flux is regulated physiologically, presumably by regulation of blood flow distribution. Hence, harnessing physiology and behaviour allows leatherbacks to keep warm while foraging in cold sub-polar waters and to prevent overheating in