Biomechanical evolution of solid bones in large animals: a microanatomical investigation

International audienc

Le travail manuel : analyseur de curriculum scolaire

Houssaye Jean. Le travail manuel : analyseur de curriculum scolaire. In: Revue française de pédagogie. Volume 132, 2000. Evaluation, suivi pédagogique et portfolio. pp. 67-78. doi : 10.3406/rfp.2000.1034 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfp_0556-7807_2000_num_132_1_1034Abstract What place is left for craft in school ? To answer this question, we can analyse the relation between craft and culture in school through various educational trends : traditional pedagogy, "New Pedagogy", pedagogy of the Left, contemporary pedagogies. Then we realize that craft statute may be quite different, according to society choices, but also that in the contemporary period, school managed to exclude craft from school world. Résumé Le travail manuel a-t-il une place à l'école ? Pour répondre à une telle question, on peut analyser le rapport entre travail manuel et culture à l'école, et ce, à travers les tendances pédagogiques : pédagogie traditionnelle, Éducation nouvelle, pédagogie socialiste, pédagogies contemporaines. On saisit alors que le statut du travail manuel diffère profondément selon les choix de société, mais aussi que la période contemporaine, elle, est parvenue à l'exclure de l'école

Tools for quantitative form description : an evaluation of different software packages for semi-landmark analysis

The challenging complexity of biological structures has led to the development of several methods for quantitative analyses of form. Bones are shaped by the interaction of historical (phylogenetic), structural, and functional constrains. Consequently, bone shape has been investigated intensively in an evolutionary context. Geometric morphometric approaches allow the description of the shape of an object in all of its biological complexity. However, when biological objects present only few anatomical landmarks, sliding semi-landmarks may provide good descriptors of shape. The sliding procedure, mandatory for sliding semi-landmarks, requires several steps that may be time-consuming. We here compare the time required by two different software packages ('Edgewarp' and 'Morpho') for the same sliding task, and investigate potential differences in the results and biological interpretation. 'Morpho' is much faster than 'Edgewarp,' notably as a result of the greater computational power of the 'Morpho' software routines and the complexity of the 'Edgewarp' workflow. Morphospaces obtained using both software packages are similar and provide a consistent description of the biological variability. The principal differences between the two software packages are observed in areas characterized by abrupt changes in the bone topography. In summary, both software packages perform equally well in terms of the description of biological structures, yet differ in the simplicity of the workflow and time needed to performthe analyses

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) New Orleans Helpline Analysis

ABSTRACT This study built on prior research about helplines that focused on descriptive accounts of caller profiles (frequent callers, children callers, male/female, reason for calls, help seeking intentions/beliefs, attitudes and expectations of callers); counselor profiles (active listening skills, motivation, empathy, altruism, family peer advocates); and helpline profiles (advantages and limitations of telephone, chat rooms, emails, and texting). The intention of this study was to assess the needs of the organization in order to build a helpline that meets the needs of the clients. It assessed existing data from calls made to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) New Orleans where staff members handle approximately 1000 calls and emails yearly from individuals with mental illness, their families, or loved ones. For six weeks during the fall of 2015, NAMI staff logged incoming calls to their de facto helpline and the existing data was analyzed. Emails and Facebook queries to the agency were also included in the analysis. Findings indicate that most people called to have someone listen to their concerns and provide support. In terms of type of callers, most callers were family members of persons living with mental illness. Individuals living with mental illness were the second most frequent type of caller. Family members called more frequently than other types of callers and women called three times more than men. The support provided to callers was mainly referrals to NAMI New Orleans support and/or education groups and then to outside agencies. Those who referred callers to NAMI were principally from the internal (support groups) and external (media) realms of NAMI New Orleans, although it was often not known who referred the calls. The duration of calls and the types of referrals made varied greatly by the responders, or those who logged the calls, however, the mean call duration of 8.9 minutes was close to the industry standard. Implications for practice and policy are discussed showing suggestions for ways to work with family members in order to accommodate their need for support; for providing volunteer recruitment, orientation, and training; and for creating a call-response decision tree

Faster simulation of (Coloured) Petri nets using parallel computing

International audienceFast simulation, i.e., automatic computation of sequential runs, is widely used to analyse Petri nets. In particular, it enables for quantitative statistical analysis by observing large sets of runs. Moreover, fast simulation may be used to actually run a Petri net model as a (prototype) implementation of a system, in which case such a net would embed fragments of the code of the system. In both these contexts, being able to perform faster simulation is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose a way to accelerate fast simulation by exploiting parallel computing, targeting both the multi-core cpus available nowadays in every laptop or workstation, and larger parallel computers including those with distributed memory (clusters). We design an algorithm to do so and assess in particular its correctness and completeness through its formal modelling as a Petri net whose state space is analysed. We also present a benchmark of a prototype implementation that clearly shows how our algorithm effectively accelerates fast simulation, in particular in the case of large concurrent coloured Petri nets, which is precisely the kind of nets that are usually slow to simulate

L’autorité ne passera pas

Dans une perspective de clarification conceptuelle, il s’agira ici de se placer délibérément du côté de la pédagogie pour aborder la question de la place de l’autorité dans les pratiques de classe. Il apparaît alors qu’il est bien vrai que, théoriquement parlant, l’autorité ne passera jamais, car il sera toujours possible de trouver des distinctions conceptuelles qui la justifieront dans son essence et la sauveront face à ses incarnations controversées. Il est bien vrai aussi que, pratiquement parlant, l’autorité ne passera jamais, car, qu’il s’agisse d’hier et encore plus d’aujourd’hui, les problèmes d’autorité ne cesseront de s’inscrire au cœur de l’acte pédagogique. Il est bien vrai enfin que, pédagogiquement parlant, l’autorité ne passe pas, parce que tout simplement elle n’est pas une solution tenable, susceptible de répondre de façon satisfaisante à la question conjointe : comment vivre ensemble et comment apprendre dans une classe ? Dès lors, il reste à dissocier l’autorité et la pédagogie, à faire le choix de la pédagogie comme construction du rapport à l’autre et du rapport au savoir.For the sake of conceptual clarification, the perspective of pedagogy is necessary to address the issue of the place of authority in classroom practices. Theoretically speaking, it is true that authority will never prevail because it will always be possible to find conceptual distinctions that will justify it in its essence and save it in the face of its controversial incarnations. It is also true that, practically speaking, authority will never prevail because problems of authority will always be part of the pedagogical act. It is finally true that, pedagogically speaking, authority does not prevail simply because it is not a sustainable solution that might adequately answer the joint question: how can we live together and learn in a classroom? Therefore, authority should be disassociated from authority and pedagogy and take the option of pedagogy when developing the relation to the other and to knowledge

Formar en pedagogía: Sí, ¿pero cómo?

A lo largo de la historia, la especificidad de la pedagogía ha sido negada u ocultada en reiteradas ocasiones, aunque paradójicamente su propia historia ha sido la de resistir, prueba de que su naturaleza no puede ser negada. En este artículo entenderemos la pedagogía como la reunión mutua y dialéctica de la teoría y de la práctica por la misma persona en la persona que se forma. Proyectamos que la propia formación pedagógica inicial no puede escapar a esta naturaleza de la pedagogía en tanto su objetivo apunta a que el pedagogo que se forma reflexione sobre lo que hizo o lo que hicimos. Solo a partir de dicha reflexión podrá constituir su saber-hacer desde su propio hacer. De esta forma, constatamos que el saber pedagógico existe, que es problemático y muy frágil, pero que corre el riesgo de perderse en cinco ilusiones que analizaremos

Pédagogies : import-export

Comment s’opère le mouvement entre les pédagogues et les pédagogies ? En quête d’une théorie de l’import-export des pédagogies –théorie qu’il ne trouvera pas–, l’auteur commence par aborder le problème sous différents angles pour, dans un deuxième temps, se mettre en quête d’un cadre de référence et, dans un troisième temps, analyser dans cette perspective les actes d’un colloque sur l’Éducation nouvelle. Il débouche sur un ensemble organisé de propositions qui puissent servir de trame provisoire à la compréhension de cette approche particulière de l’histoire des idées pédagogiques.How do exchanges between teachers and educational methods take place? Looking for a theory of importing et exporting methods – theory which will not be found –, the author first tackles the issue from different angles in order to then look for a reference framework. next, from that standpoint, he analyses the actions of a conference on Éducation nouvelle. Finally, he gives a structured set of suggestions that can be used as temporary basic outlines for an understanding of this particular approach to the history of educational ideas.¿ Cómo se opera el movimiento entre los pedágogos y las pedagogías? En búsqueda de una teoría de la importación-exportación de las pedagogías –teoría que no encontrará-, el autor empieza abordando el problema bajo diferentes ángulos para, en un segundo tiempo, ponerse en busca de un marco de referencia y, en un tercer tiempo, analizar en esta perspectiva las actas de un coloquio sobre la Educación nueva. Desemboca en un conjunto organizado de propuestas que puedan servir de tela provisional a la comprensión de este enfoque particular de la historia de las ideas pedagógicas.Wie operiert die Bewegung zwischen Pädagogen und Pädagogiksformen ? Auf der Suche nach einer Theorie über die Einfuhr-Ausfuhr der Pädagogik – die er letztendlich nicht ausfinding macht –, fängt der Autor damit an, das Problem unter verschiedenen Blickwinkeln zu betrachten, um sich dann in einer zweiten Phase auf der Suche nach einem Referenzrahmens zu begeben, und in einer dritten Phase die Collloquien über die Neue Erziehung in dieser Hinsicht zu analysieren. Es mündet in eine organisierte Gesamtheit von Angeboten, die als vorläufiger roter Faden für das Verständnis jener besonderen Bertrachtungsweise der Geschichte der pädagogischen Ideen fungieren könnte

Interspecific variation in the limb long bones among modern rhinoceroses—extent and drivers

International audienceAmong amniotes, numerous lineages are subject to an evolutionary trend toward body mass and size increases. Large terrestrial species may face important constraints linked to weight bearing, and the limb segments are particularly affected by such constraints due to their role in body support and locomotion. Such groups showing important limb modifications related to high body mass have been called "graviportal." Often considered graviportal, rhinoceroses are among the heaviest terrestrial mammals and are thus of particular interest to understand the limb modifications related to body mass and size increase. Here, we present a morphofunctional study of the shape variation of the limb long bones among the five living rhinos to understand how the shape may vary between these species in relation with body size, body mass and phylogeny. We used three dimensional geometric morphometrics and comparative analyses to quantify the shape variation. Our results indicate that the five species display important morphological differences depending on the considered bones. The humerus and the femur exhibit noticeable interspecific differences between African and Asiatic rhinos, associated with a significant effect of body mass. The radius and ulna are more strongly correlated with body mass. While the tibia exhibits shape variation both linked with phylogeny and body mass, the fibula displays the greatest intraspecific variation. We highlight three distinct morphotypes of bone shape, which appear in accordance with the phylogeny. The influence of body mass also appears unequally expressed on the different bones. Body mass increase among the five extant species is marked by an increase of the general robustness, more pronounced attachments for muscles and a development of medial parts of the bones. Our study underlines that the morphological features linked to body mass increase are not similar between rhinos and other heavy mammals such as elephants and hippos, suggesting that the weight bearing constraint can lead to different morphological responses