El análisis de datos cualitativos como proceso de clasificación

El artículo describe detalladamente el procedimiento referido a la Investiga sobre las teorías implícitas de maestros de la escuela primaria sobre-ción debilidad aritmética de niños y discute las consecuencias de los hallazgos para la formación de maestros. Utiliza dos ejemplos adicionales de estudios sobre profesores (problemas de disciplina en el aula; control por el profesor y aprendizaje auto-regulado). También se contempla un intento de generalizar la relevancia del enfoque descrito.___________________________________ This article describes In detail the procedure to take in relation to the research on the implicit theories of Primary education teachers about the arithmetical weakness of children and discusses the consequences of the findings for the training of teachers. The paper uses two additional examples of studies about teachers (discipline problems in the classroom, teacher control and the selfregulated learning), as well as attempt to generalise the relevance of this approach

Psychological models in teacher training

Die Psychologie hat in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Lehrern wichtige Funktionen. Lehrern werden psychologische Kenntnisse und Handlungsregeln vermittelt; die Ausbildung wird nach psychologischen Modellen des Lehrens und Lernens konzipiert. Von einer Analyse problematischer Elemente in der Beziehung von Psychologie und Lehrerbildung aus werden Wissensvermittlung und Fertigkeitstraining als personzentrierte Modelle, Fallstudien und Methodentraining als situationszentrierte Modelle der Übertragung psychologischer Ansätze auf Verfahren der Lehrerbildung skizziert. Aus der Kritik an einseitiger Anwendung solcher Modelle werden eine handlungstheoretische Orientierung der Lehrerbildung abgeleitet und ihre wichtigsten Merkmale (Orientierung am Alltagshandeln des Lehrers, Berücksichtigung mehrerer Handlungsebenen und des Entscheidungsdrucks in pädagogischen Situationen) beschrieben. (DIPF/Orig.)Psychology has important functions in the pre- and in-service training of teachers. It includes courses about different areas of psychology, and the training is organized according to psychological models of teaching and learning. Starting from an analysis of problematic elements in the relation of psychology to teacher training, acquiring knowledge and specific skills are outlined as typical examples for person-centered approaches, case studies and instruction about teaching methods as situation-centered approaches in teacher training. After a critical discussion of these models the article proposes an action-theoretical orientation for teacher training, and describes main characteristics of this approach (i. e. taking into account the implicit psychology of teachers, different levels of action, and elements of coping processes)

INTERACTION OF IMPLICIT THEORIES AND ORIENTATION STYLE IN TEACHER PRACTICUM

The classroom practicum for student teachers is evaluated controversely both by educational researches and by student teachers. We suggested that student teachers' differing evaluations are due to interpersonal differences: according to their own experiences as pupils and to their uncertainty vs. certainty orientation student teachers developed implicit theories of teaching, which determine their actual practicum experiences. Interviews with 18 student teachers selected on the basis oftheir orientation style were analyzed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show a clear interaction of central components of their implicit theories of teaching and their orientation style. Consequences for the organization of teacher practica are outlined.La práctica en el aula es evaluada de un modo controvertido tanto por parte de los investigadores en educación como de los futuros profesores. Nuestra hipótesis es que las diferentes evaluaciones del profesor en formación son debidas a diferencias interpersonales: según sus propias experiencias como alumno; su orientación hacia la certidumbre o la incertidumbre, los futuros profesores desarrollan teorías implícitas de enseñanza que determinan el tipo de experiencia que sacarán de la propia práctica. Con este fin se analizaron -usando una combinación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos- 18 entrevistas con estudiantes de Pedagogía seleccionados sobre la base de su estilo de orientación. Los resultados muestran una clara interacción entre los componentes centrales de sus teorías implícitas acerca de la enseñanza y sus estilos de orientación. Se deducen, como conclusión, algunas consecuencias para la organización de la práctica

Teacher-pupil Systems in teaching-leanring-research

Lehr-Lern-Forschung beschäftigt sich traditionell mit den kognitiven Prozessen schulischen Lernens. Parallel dazu besteht ein Forschungszweig, der die sozialen Bezüge unterrichtlichen Geschehens untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Notwendigkeit einer Verknüpfung kognitiver und sozialer Variablen betont. Auf dem Hintergrund systemtheoretischer Annahmen werden anhand von Beispielen aus der Unterrichtsforschung Überlegungen angestellt, wie sich die Vernetzung der Variablen möglicherweise auswirkt und wie die Methodologie solcher Untersuchungen aussehen müßte.Teaching-learning-research is preoccupied with cognitive processes of learning in classrooms. Social relations in schools are investigated separately. This paper concentrates on the necessity to connect cognitive and social-emotional variables. Based on a Systems approach suggestions are discussed concerning the effects of a network conception of variables in educational research and its methodological implications

Resonance Effects in the Nonadiabatic Nonlinear Quantum Dimer

The quantum nonlinear dimer consisting of an electron shuttling between the two sites and in weak interaction with vibrations, is studied numerically under the application of a DC electric field. A field-induced resonance phenomenon between the vibrations and the electronic oscillations is found to influence the electronic transport greatly. For initially delocalization of the electron, the resonance has the effect of a dramatic increase in the transport. Nonlinear frequency mixing is identified as the main mechanism that influences transport. A characterization of the frequency spectrum is also presented.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Switching ultrastrong light–matter coupling on a subcycle scale

Intersubband cavitypolaritons in a quantum wellwaveguide structure are optically generated within less than one cycle of light by a 12-femtosecond near-infrared pulse. Mid-infrared probe transients trace the nonadiabatic switch-on of ultrastrong light-matter coupling and the conversion of bare photons into cavitypolaritons directly in the time domain. Future perspectives of room-temperature subcycle control of ultrastrong electron–photon interaction are discussed

Density correlations and dynamical Casimir emission of Bogoliubov phonons in modulated atomic Bose-Einstein condensates

We present a theory of the density correlations that appear in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate as a consequence of the dynamical Casimir emission of pairs of Bogoliubov phonons when the atom-atom scattering length is modulated in time. Different regimes as a function of the temporal shape of the modulation are identified and a simple physical picture of the phenomenon is discussed. Analytical expressions for the density correlation function are provided for the most significant limiting cases. This theory is able to explain some unexpected features recently observed in numerical calculations of Hawking radiation from analog black holes

Kepler-21b: A 1.6REarth Planet Transiting the Bright Oscillating F Subgiant Star HD 179070

We present Kepler observations of the bright (V=8.3), oscillating star HD 179070. The observations show transit-like events which reveal that the star is orbited every 2.8 days by a small, 1.6 R_Earth object. Seismic studies of HD 179070 using short cadence Kepler observations show that HD 179070 has a frequencypower spectrum consistent with solar-like oscillations that are acoustic p-modes. Asteroseismic analysis provides robust values for the mass and radius of HD 179070, 1.34{\pm}0.06 M{\circ} and 1.86{\pm}0.04 R{\circ} respectively, as well as yielding an age of 2.84{\pm}0.34 Gyr for this F5 subgiant. Together with ground-based follow-up observations, analysis of the Kepler light curves and image data, and blend scenario models, we conservatively show at the >99.7% confidence level (3{\sigma}) that the transit event is caused by a 1.64{\pm}0.04 R_Earth exoplanet in a 2.785755{\pm}0.000032 day orbit. The exoplanet is only 0.04 AU away from the star and our spectroscopic observations provide an upper limit to its mass of ~10 M_Earth (2-{\sigma}). HD 179070 is the brightest exoplanet host star yet discovered by Kepler.Comment: Accepted to Ap

Subcycle Quantum Electrodynamics

Besides their stunning physical properties which are unmatched in a classical world, squeezed states of electromagnetic radiation bear advanced application potentials in quantum information systems and precision metrology, including gravitational wave detectors with unprecedented sensitivity. Since the first experiments on such nonclassical light, quantum analysis has been based on homodyning techniques and photon correlation measurements. These methods require a well-defined carrier frequency and photons contained in a quantum state need to be absorbed or amplified. They currently function in the visible to near-infrared and microwave spectral ranges. Quantum nondemolition experiments may be performed at the expense of excess fluctuations in another quadrature. Here we generate mid-infrared time-locked patterns of squeezed vacuum noise. After propagation through free space, the quantum fluctuations of the electric field are studied in the time domain by electro-optic sampling with few-femtosecond laser pulses. We directly compare the local noise amplitude to the level of bare vacuum fluctuations. This nonlinear approach operates off resonance without absorption or amplification of the field that is investigated. Subcycle intervals with noise level significantly below the pure quantum vacuum are found. Enhanced fluctuations in adjacent time segments manifest generation of highly correlated quantum radiation as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Together with efforts in the far infrared, this work opens a window to the elementary quantum dynamics of light and matter in an energy range at the boundary between vacuum and thermal background conditions.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure