Promoting child-initiated social-communication in children with autism

This study examined the effects of the Son-Rise Program (SRP), an intensive treatment aimed to improve child-initiated social communication in children with autism. Six children between the ages of 47 and 78 months were provided with 40 h of SRP, with pre- to post-treatment behavioral changes tested using a novel passive interaction probe task. Results showed an increase in the frequency of spontaneous social orienting and gestural communication for the experimental children, compared to six age- and behaviorally-matched control children with autism. In addition, for the children who received treatment, the duration of social dyadic interactions and total time spent engaged in social interaction increased from pre- to post-treatment. These findings suggest that intensive intervention focused on fostering child-initiated interaction increases social-communicative behaviors in children with autism. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to describe the principles underlying the Son-Rise Program, a developmental approach to treatment for autism. Readers will be able to explain the methods of the investigation of a 5-day intensive Son-Rise Program and the results that report change in social communication in children with autism

A modelling approach to assess the impact of climate change & anthropogenic activity on the water resources of the Narmada river basin

The Narmada river basin is a highly regulated & artificially influenced catchment in Peninsular India, covering 98 796 km2. The basin includes the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Gujarat, supporting a population of over 16 million people. Agriculture is the dominant land use within the basin, accounting for over 56% of the basin area. There are over 3000 interventions, with up to another 30 dams planned for construction over the next half-century. The study of the Narmada basin is part of an ongoing collaboration between CEH (UK) & NIH (India) with the goal of increasing water security for those living within the basin & surrounding watersheds

Building up the spectrum of cosmic-rays in star-forming regions

The common approach to compute the cosmic-ray distribution in an starburst galaxy or region is equivalent to assume that at any point within that environment, there is an accelerator inputing cosmic rays at a reduced rate. This rate should be compatible with the overall volume-average injection, given by the total number of accelerators that were active during the starburst age. These assumptions seem reasonable, especially under the supposition of an homogeneous and isotropic distribution of accelerators. However, in this approach the temporal evolution of the superposed spectrum is not explicitly derived; rather, it is essentially assumed ab-initio. Here, we test the validity of this approach by following the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the superposed cosmic-ray spectrum and compare our results with those from theoretical models that treat the starburst region as a single source. In the calorimetric limit (with no cosmic-ray advection), homogeneity is reached (typically within 20%) across most of the starburst region. However, values of center-to-edge intensity ratios can amount to a factor of several. Differences between the common homogeneous assumption for the cosmic-ray distribution and our models are larger in the case of two-zone geometries, such as a central nucleus with a surrounding disc. We have also found that the decay of the cosmic-ray density following the duration of the starburst process is slow, and even approximately 1 Myr after the burst ends (for a gas density of 35 cm-3) it may still be within an order of magnitude of its peak value. Based on our simulations, it seems that the detection of a relatively hard spectrum up to the highest gamma-ray energies from nearby starburst galaxies favors a relatively small diffusion coefficient (i.e., long diffusion time) in the region where most of the emission originates.Comment: To appear in MNRA

A multicenter evaluation of a brief manualized psychoeducation intervention for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures delivered by health professionals with limited experience in psychological treatment

Rationale The aim of this study was to add to our understanding of the impact of psychoeducation on patients' acceptance of the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs), the frequency of their seizures, and their quality of life. The study also aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of brief manualized psychoeducation interventions for PNESs, delivered by a more diverse range of clinicians and in a wider range of treatment settings. Method The final sample consisted of 25 patients diagnosed with PNESs by a neurologist specializing in the treatment of seizure disorder and referred to the psychotherapy service. The study included patients from four centers, using a manualized psychoeducation intervention delivered over 4 sessions by specialist epilepsy nurses and assistant psychologists. All patients completed self-measure questionnaires for Seizure Frequency, Impaired Functioning (WSAS), Psychological Distress (CORE-OM), Illness Perception (BIPQ), Health-Related Quality of Life: general (ED-QOL) and epilepsy-specific (NewQOL-6D), Symptom Attribution, and patient's perception of usefulness and relevance of the intervention. All measures were collected at baseline and after the completion of the fourth session. Results All measures improved from baseline to postintervention, but this improvement was only significant for CORE-OM (p < .05) and BIPQ (p < .01). Out of the 25 patients who completed the intervention information, 6 out of 25 (24%) had been seizure-free for the past month, and an additional 6 out of 25 (24%) had achieved seizure frequency reduction. Consequently, upon completion of the intervention, 12 out of 25 patients (48%) were either seizure-free or experienced fewer seizures compared with the start of the intervention. Conclusion The evidence suggests that brief manualized psychoeducation intervention can reduce PNES frequency, improve the psychological distress, and have an effect on patients' illness perceptions that should help them engage with a more extended psychotherapy program if that was necessary. The intervention was carried out successfully by staff with relatively little training in delivering psychological interventions. Further controlled studies are required to provide proof of efficacy

The Nuclear Stellar Disk in Andromeda: A Fossil from the Era of Black Hole Growth

The physics of angular momentum transport from galactic scales (~10-100 pc) to much smaller radii is one of the oustanding problems in our understanding of the formation and evolution of super-massive black holes (BHs). Seemingly unrelated observations have discovered that there is a lopsided stellar disk of unknown origin orbiting the BH in M31, and possibly many other systems. We show that these nominally independent puzzles are in fact closely related. Multi-scale simulations of gas inflow from galactic to BH scales show that when sufficient gas is driven towards a BH, gravitational instabilities form a lopsided, eccentric disk that propagates inwards from larger radii. The lopsided stellar disk exerts a strong torque on the remaining gas, driving inflows that fuel the growth of the BH and produce quasar-level luminosities. The same disk can produce significant obscuration along many sightlines and thus may be the putative 'torus' invoked to explain obscured active galactic nuclei and the cosmic X-ray background. The stellar relic of this disk is long lived and retains the eccentric pattern. Simulations that yield quasar-level accretion rates produce relic stellar disks with kinematics, eccentric patterns, precession rates, and surface density profiles in reasonable agreement with observations of M31. The observed properties of nuclear stellar disks can thus be used to constrain the formation history of super-massive BHs.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted to MNRAS Letters (matches published version

Quasiclassical Approach to Transport in the Vortex State and the Hall Effect

We derive generalized quasiclassical transport equations which include the terms responsible for the Hall Effect in the vortex state of a clean type-II superconductor, and calculate the conductivity tensor for an s-wave superconductor in the high-field regime. We find that below the superconducting transition the contribution to the transverse conductivity due to dynamical fluctuations of the order parameter is compensated by the modification of the quasiparticle contribution. In this regime the nonlinear behaviour of the Hall angle is governed by the change in the effective quasiparticle scattering rate due to the reduction in the density of states at the Fermi level. The connection with experimental results is discussed.Comment: 32 pages, 3 postscript figure

Eddy length scales in the North Atlantic Ocean

Eddy length scales are calculated from satellite altimeter products and in an eddy-resolving model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Four different measures for eddy length scales are derived from kinetic energy densities in wave number space and spatial decorrelation scales. Observational estimates and model simulation agree well in all these measures near the surface. As found in previous studies, all length scales are, in general, decreasing with latitude. They are isotropic and proportional to the local first baroclinic Rossby radius (L r) north of about 30°N, while south of 30°N (or for L r > 30 km), zonal length scales tend to be larger than meridional ones, and (scalar) length scales show no clear relation to L r anymore. Instead, they appear to be related to the local Rhines scale. In agreement with a recent theoretical prediction by Theiss [2004], the observed and simulated pattern of eddy length scales appears to be indicative of two different dynamical regimes in the North Atlantic: anisotropic turbulence in the subtropics and isotropic turbulence in the subpolar North Atlantic. Both regions can be roughly characterized by the ration between L r and the Rhines scales (L R), with L R > L r in the isotropic region and L R < L r in the anisotropic region. The critical latitude that separates both regions, i.e., where L R = L r, is about 30°N