ORP5/ORP8 localize to endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts and are involved in mitochondrial function

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Real-Time Imaging of Resident T Cells in Human Lung and Ovarian Carcinomas Reveals How Different Tumor Microenvironments Control T Lymphocyte Migration.

International audienceReal-time imaging of resident T cells in human lung and ovarian carcinomas reveals how different tumor microenvironments control T lymphocyte migration. Front. Immunol. 6:500. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00500 real-time imaging of resident T cells in human lung and ovarian carcinomas reveals how different tumor microenvironments control T lymphocyte migration T cells play a key role in the battle against cancer. To perform their antitumor activities, T cells need to adequately respond to tumor antigens by establishing contacts with either malignant cells or antigen-presenting cells. These latter functions rely on a series of migratory steps that go from entry of T cells into the tumor followed by their locomotion in the tumor stroma. Our knowledge of how T cells migrate within tumors mainly comes from experiments performed in mouse models. Whereas such systems have greatly advanced our understanding, they do not always faithfully recapitulate the disease observed in cancer patients. We previously described a technique based on tissue slices that enables to track with real-time imaging microscopy the motile behavior of fluorescent T cells plated onto fresh sections of human lung tumors. We have now refined this approach to monitor the locomotion of resident tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells labeled with fluorescently coupled antibodies. Using this approach, our findings reveal that CD8 T cells accumulate in the stroma of ovarian and lung carcinomas but move slowly in this compartment. Conversely, even though less populated, tumors islets were found to be zones of faster migration for resident CD8 T cells. We also confirm the key role played by collagen fibers, which, by their orientation, spacing and density, control the distribution and migration of resident CD8 T cells within the tumor stroma. We have subsequently demonstrated that, under some physical tissue constraints, CD8 T cells exhibited a mode of migration characterized by alternate forward and backward movements. In sum, using an ex vivo assay to track CD8 T cells in fresh human tumor tissues, we have identified the extracellular matrix as a major stromal component in influencing T cell migration, thereby impacting the control of tumor growth. This approach will aid in the development and testing of novel immunotherapy strategies to promote T cell migration in tumors

ORP5 AND ORP8 ORCHESTRATE LIPID DROPLET BIOGENESIS AND MAINTENANCE AT ER-MITOCHONDRIA CONTACT SITES

SUMMARY Lipid droplets (LDs) are the primary organelles of lipid storage, buffering energy fluctuations of the cell. They store neutral lipids in their core that is surrounded by a protein-decorated phospholipid monolayer. LDs arise from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). The ER-protein seipin, localizing at ER-LD junctions, controls LD nucleation and growth. However, how LD biogenesis is spatially and temporally coordinated remains elusive. Here, we show that the lipid transfer proteins ORP5 and ORP8 control LD biogenesis at Mitochondria-Associated ER Membrane (MAM) subdomains, enriched in phosphatidic acid. We found that ORP5/8 regulate seipin recruitment to these MAM-LD contacts, and their loss impairs LD biogenesis. Importantly, the integrity of ER-mitochondria contact sites is crucial for the ORP5/8 function in regulating seipin-mediated LD biogenesis. Our study uncovers an unprecedented ORP5/8 role in orchestrating LD biogenesis at MAMs and brings novel insights into the metabolic crosstalk between mitochondria, ER, and LDs at membrane contact sites. HIGHLIGHTS ORP5 and ORP8 localize at MAM subdomains where LDs originate. Phosphatidic acid is enriched in MAM subdomains that are the birthplace of LDs. ORP5 and ORP8 knockdown impairs LD biogenesis. ORP5 and ORP8 regulate seipin recruitment to MAM-LD contact sites

ORP5 Transfers Phosphatidylserine To Mitochondria And Regulates Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake At Endoplasmic Reticulum - Mitochondria Contact Sites

Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Section: New Results\textlessh3\textgreaterABSTRACT\textless/h3\textgreater \textlessp\textgreaterMitochondria are dynamic organelles essential for cell survival whose structural and functional integrity rely on selective and regulated transport of lipids from/to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and across the two mitochondrial membranes. As they are not connected by vesicle transport, the exchange of lipids between ER and mitochondria occurs at sites of close organelle apposition called membrane contact sites. However, the mechanisms and proteins involved in these processes are only beginning to emerge. Here, we show that ORP5/8 mediate non-vesicular transport of Phosphatidylserine (PS) from the ER to mitochondria in mammalian cells. We also show that ER-mitochondria contacts where ORP5/8 reside are physically and functionally linked to the MIB/MICOS complexes that bridge the mitochondria membranes, cooperating with them to facilitate PS transfer from the ER to the mitochondria. Finally, we show that ORP5 but not ORP8, additionally regulates import of calcium to mitochondria and consequently cell senescence.\textless/p\textgreate

The ER Stress Sensor PERK Coordinates ER-Plasma Membrane Contact Site Formation through Interaction with Filamin-A and F-Actin Remodeling

Loss of ER Ca2+ homeostasis triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and drives ER-PM contact sites formation in order to refill ER-luminal Ca2+. Recent studies suggest that the ER stress sensor and mediator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) PERK regulates intracellular Ca2+ fluxes, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID), we identified the actin-binding protein Filamin A (FLNA) as a key PERK interactor. Cells lacking PERK accumulate F-actin at the cell edges and display reduced ER-PM contacts. Following ER-Ca2+ store depletion, the PERK-FLNA interaction drives the expansion of ER-PM juxtapositions by regulating F-actin-assisted relocation of the ER-associated tethering proteins Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) and Extended Synaptotagmin-1 (E-Syt1) to the PM. Cytosolic Ca2+ elevation elicits rapid and UPR-independent PERK dimerization, which enforces PERK-FLNA-mediated ER-PM juxtapositions. Collectively, our data unravel an unprecedented role of PERK in the regulation of ER-PM appositions through the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton.publisher: Elsevier articletitle: The ER Stress Sensor PERK Coordinates ER-Plasma Membrane Contact Site Formation through Interaction with Filamin-A and F-Actin Remodeling journaltitle: Molecular Cell articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.020 content_type: article copyright: © 2017 Elsevier Inc.status: publishe

ORP5/8 and MIB/MICOS link ER-mitochondria and intra-mitochondrial contacts for non-vesicular transport of phosphatidylserine

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles essential for cell survival whose structural and functional integrity rely on selective and regulated transport of lipids from/to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and across the mito-chondrial intermembrane space. As they are not connected by vesicular transport, the exchange of lipids be-tween ER and mitochondria occurs at membrane contact sites. However, the mechanisms and proteins involved in these processes are only beginning to emerge. Here, we show that the main physiological local-ization of the lipid transfer proteins ORP5 and ORP8 is at mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) sub -domains, physically linked to the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB)/mitochondrial contact sites and cristae junction organizing system (MICOS) complexes that bridge the two mitochondrial mem-branes. We also show that ORP5/ORP8 mediate non-vesicular transport of phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids from the ER to mitochondria by cooperating with the MIB/MICOS complexes. Overall our study reveals a physical and functional link between ER-mitochondria contacts involved in lipid transfer and intra-mitochon-drial membrane contacts maintained by the MIB/MICOS complexes.Peer reviewe

The ER stress sensor PERK coordinates ER-plasma membrane contact site formation through interaction with filamin-A and F-actin remodeling

Loss of ER Ca2+ homeostasis triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and drives ER-PM contact sites formation in order to refill ER-luminal Ca2+. Recent studies suggest that the ER stress sensor and mediator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) PERK regulates intracellular Ca2+ fluxes, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID), we identified the actin-binding protein Filamin A (FLNA) as a key PERK interactor. Cells lacking PERK accumulate F-actin at the cell edges and display reduced ER-PM contacts. Following ER-Ca2+ store depletion, the PERK-FLNA interaction drives the expansion of ER-PM juxtapositions by regulating F-actin-assisted relocation of the ER-associated tethering proteins Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) and Extended Synaptotagmin-1 (E-Syt1) to the PM. Cytosolic Ca2+ elevation elicits rapid and UPR-independent PERK dimerization, which enforces PERK-FLNA-mediated ER-PM juxtapositions. Collectively, our data unravel an unprecedented role of PERK in the regulation of ER-PM appositions through the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton

Erratum to 'Predominance of healthcare-associated cases among episodes of community-onset bacteraemia due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae' [International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 49/1 67-73]

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