Přechod rostlin na souš - nové poznatky z genomů charofytních řas

The terrestrialization of land plants was an important event in the history of life on Earth. Genomic and transcriptomic studies published in the last decade shed light on many aspects of this process. This work presents an overview of the traits facilitating the conquest of land by land plants. It focuses on streptophyte algae to elucidate what properties relevant to life on land the ancestors of terrestrial plants possessed and in what form, primarily using recent genomic and transcriptomic data.Přechod rostlin na souš byl důležitou událostí v dějinách života na Zemi. Genomické a transkriptomické studie publikované během posledního desetiletí ozřejmily mnoho aspektů tohoto procesu. Tato práce shrnuje vlastnosti, které umožnily kolonizaci souše vyššími rostlinami. Soustředí se přednostně na data získaná z genomů a transkriptomů streptofytních řas a ukazuje vlastnosti napomáhající přežití na souši, jež byly přítomné v předcích vyšších rostlin, a take jakou podobu tyto vlastnosti nejspíše měly.Department of Cell BiologyKatedra buněčné biologiePřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

Otázka konverze u Pársů

Tato práce se zabývá debatou o přípustnosti konverzí, která probíhá v indické komunitě Pársů. Zkoumá dějinný vývoj debaty se zaměřením na jednotlivé skupiny v ní angažované a jejich postoje. Ukazuje, že obě strany debaty měly za cíl formulovat svá přesvědčení v jazyce západní kultury pro větší sociální prestiž, přičemž v obou případech do značné míry v praxi udržovaly tradiční pravidla endogamie.The present work examines the debate about the permissibility of conversion in the Parsi community of India. It explores the historical development of the debate with a focus on the main groups and their ideologies. It shows that both of the sides of the debate aimed to formulate their convictions in a Westernized language for a greater social prestige, while in both cases largely preserving the traditional endogamic rules in practice.Ústav filosofie a religionistikyInstitute of Philosophy and Religious StudiesFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Conversion in the Parsi Community

The present work examines the debate about the permissibility of conversion in the Parsi community of India. It explores the historical development of the debate with a focus on the main groups and their ideologies. It shows that both of the sides of the debate aimed to formulate their convictions in a Westernized language for a greater social prestige, while in both cases largely preserving the traditional endogamic rules in practice

Land plant terrestrialization - New insights from genomes of charophyte algae

The terrestrialization of land plants was an important event in the history of life on Earth. Genomic and transcriptomic studies published in the last decade shed light on many aspects of this process. This work presents an overview of the traits facilitating the conquest of land by land plants. It focuses on streptophyte algae to elucidate what properties relevant to life on land the ancestors of terrestrial plants possessed and in what form, primarily using recent genomic and transcriptomic data

Conversion of Iran to Shiite Islam

The subject of this paper is the conversion of the Iranian area to Shi'a Islam. This conversion took place under the patronage of the Safavid dynasty in the period between the years 1501 and 1736. I deal primarily with individual religious groups which did not have the support of the state in this period. On these I demonstrate the way Iranian diverse religious scene changed from a Sunni one with many heterodox and unislamic groups to a centralized polity with a Shi'ite identity. There was a great difference between the two Safavid centuries. In the 16th the kings focused on building a Shi'ite identity for their lands while keeping their own messianic role. That was detrimental mainly for Sunnis, Sufi orders, and other Shi'ite groups. Contrarily, in the 17th centrury the Shi'ite identity was well rooted and only politically motivated movements of Christian population took place. In the very end of Safavid rule, in a time of decline, a class of influential clerics tried to unite the population under Shi'ite Islam and instigated another wave of persecutions targeting this time Sunnis and non-Islamic minorities. During the whole Safavid period the heterodox Islam of the original Safavid Sufi order declined, since their chiliasm was over time neutralized

Large Vocabulary of Marketing Communications

Přehled základních pojmů používaných v oblasti marketingových komunikací, více než tisíc hesel ze základních oblastí marketingových komunikací, reklamy, public relations, marketingu a direct marketingu, psychologie MK, osobní prodej a podpora prodeje, výstavy a veletrhy, nové formy MK. Uspořádání slovníku je abecední, některá hesla mají více výkladů podle oblasti, které se týkají.Overview of the basic concepts used in the field of marketing communications, more than a thousand entries of the basic areas of marketing communications, advertising, public relations, marketing and direct marketing, psychology, MK, personal selling and sales promotion, exhibitions and fairs, new forms of MK. The arrangement is alphabetical dictionary, some passwords have multiple interpretations depending on the area that they cover.

Důsledky subsidiarity nového občanského zákoníku v pracovněprávních vztazích

Publikace vychází ze současné podoby právní úpravy a podrobuje zkoumání otázky související s podpůrným použitím občanského zákoníku v pracovněprávních vztazích v rovině obecné i zvláštní. Jednotlivé kapitoly byly proto věnovány nejdříve výchozím souvislostem vzájemné vazby mezi zákoníkem práce a občanským zákoníkem, a dále pak konkrétním důsledkům aplikace občanského zákoníku ve vybraných výsečích úpravy vztahů vznikajících v souvislosti s výkonem závislé práce mezi zaměstnavateli, zaměstnanci a jejich zástupci.The aim of this book is to analyze the issues related to the application of the Civil Code in labour relations based on the principle of subsidiarity. The examination of this matter was carried out in both general and specific context. Particular chapters are dedicated firstly to the basic aspect of the mutual relation between the Civil Code and the Labour Code and consequently to the impact of the application of selected parts of the Civil Code in selected sectors of labour relations

Associations of optical coherence tomography with disability and brain MRI volumetry in patients with multiple sclerosis

Aim of the study. To investigate in a cross-sectional study the correlations of optical coherence tomography (OCT) with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Material and methods. OCT parameters include the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC). Brain magnetic resonance volumetry (T2- and T1- lesions volume, whole brain volume and grey matter volume) was evaluated using the Icobrain program. Clinical data was compared according to the history of optic neuritis (HON). Correlations were determined between OCT parameters and demographic (age, gender), clinical (disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale score [EDSS]), and MRI data.Results. Out of 83 recruited people with MS, 27 had HON. The mean age of 75 patients with non-ON eyes was 42.08 ± 10.36 years, and 70.67% of the sample were females. Significant correlations were found between pRNFL and disability, along with several brain MRI-volumetry variables (Fluid-attenuated Inversion Recovery lesions volume [FLAIR]; T1-hypointense lesions volume; T1-lesions volume change; T1-volume lesions enlarging; whole brain volume; whole brain volume normative percentile; and volume of periventricular lesions). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that age, pRNFL and GCC were significantly associated with T1-hypointense lesions volume change (the model explained 24% of the overall variance of the dependent variable).Conclusions. The pRFNL value correlates with disability and brain MRI-volumetric parameters in MS patients, serving as a useful neurodegeneration and inflammation surrogate marker

Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age . To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange . There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period. [Abstract copyright: © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.