Local differences in time and extent of mass mortality in Blackbirds ("Turdus merula" L.) after emergence of Usutu virus (USUV; Flaviviridae) in Vienna, Austria

Das Usutu Virus ( = USUV; Flaviviridae), vorher nur in Afrika nachgewiesen, wo es keine fatalen Auswirkungen auf Vögel oder Säugetiere hatte, verursachte erstmals im Sommer 2001 in Wien und Umgebung ein dramatisches Amselsterben. Andere Vogelarten schienen nicht vergleichbar betroffen zu sein. Als Überträger fungieren wahrscheinlich Stechmücken (Culicidae). Die Epidemie erreichte im Sommer 2003 einen Höhepunkt, anschließend entwickelte sich Immunität: Der Anteil Usutu-positiver Totfunde ging rasch zurück, zunehmend viele lebende Vögel besitzen seither Usutu-spezifische Antikörper im Blutserum. Dank unserer vor und nach dem Ereignis erhobenen Amseldichten können wir die Verluste von Teilpopulationen quantitativ belegen und nachweisen, dass es darin in Ausmaß und Zeitraum auffallend kleinräumige Unterschiede gibt. Die Zählungen wurden von den Autoren unabhängig und mit verschiedenen Methoden durchgeführt: Steiner erhob ab 1993 mittels 324 Transektzählungen (TZ) von Sept bis Juni in vier ökologisch z.T. verschiedenen Probeflächen innerhalb des Wiener Siedlungsgebietes am linken Donauufer 1993-97 und 2002-07 relative Vogeldichten (Tab.1). Holzer zählte in den Wintern 2000/01 und 2003/04 Vögel innerhalb von 41 Innenhöfen (IHZ) in zwei Flächen (eine überlappte gering mit einer von Steiner untersuchten, die zweite lag auf der anderen Donauseite), wobei eine praktisch vollständige Erfassung der Amseln möglich war (Abb.1 und 2). Die Ergebnisse bezüglich des Winterbestandes decken sich weitestgehend: Die Amseldichten waren zwischen 85 und 89% (TZ Mühlschüttel, Tab.4) bzw. 88% (IHZ, Abb.1) zurückgegangen. Für die Erhebung der Brutbestände liegen nur Zahlen aus TZ vor, als methodisch günstigster Zeitraum wurde dafür der April gewählt; Tab.5 gibt relative Abundanzen (Amseln je 1.000 m Transektlänge) an, Tab.6 Ergebnisse von Signifikanztests. In den vier Flächen war die Brutzeitdichte im gleichen Verhältnis zurückgegangen wie die im Winter (Tab.3 und 5). Aus dem für die Art am wenigsten geeigneten Teilgebiet Donaufeld liegt zwischen 2004 und 06 keine Amselfeststellung vor (Tab.1); Aussagen von zwei interessierten Familien, die am Transekt Futterstellen betreiben, erhärten diesen Befund. Erste Vögel zeigten sich dort erst wieder 2007. Auch die geringen Restbestände der übrigen drei Flächen konnten sich bis 2007 nicht erholen. Anders verlief die Entwicklung in Kaisermühlen, das nur 2,0-2,6 km von den anderen Donau-nahen Flächen entfernt liegt. Hier wurde 1998/99 und ab 2002 gezählt (35 TZ): Der Aprilbestand war 2002 um ein Drittel zurückgegangen, 2005 weniger drastisch als in den anderen Flächen eingebrochen und bereits 2006 wieder in alter Dichte vorhanden (Tab.2 und 5). Noch weniger stark wurden die Amseln der sechsten TZFläche (Wiener Innenstadt 70 TZ) betroffen, die Aprildichte war dort erst 2004 etwa auf die Hälfte reduziert und hatte sich zwei Jahre später wieder erholt (Tab.2 und 5). In beiden Fällen ging der Bestand zur Brutzeit erst zumindest ein Jahr nach Zusammenbruch des Winterbestandes zurück (Tab.3). Aus unseren Befunden lässt sich schließen, dass sich vier der untersuchten Amsel-Teilpopulationen als isolierte Standvögel verhielten, da ein winterlicher Zuzug dort praktisch nicht stattfand (in allen Monaten gleichmäßiger Rückgang) und zwischen nahe liegenden Flächen kein wesentlicher Austausch zur Auffüllung der Bestände erfolgte. Die Amseldichte dieser Flächen verblieb zumindest bis 2007 trotz der ab 2004 in Ostösterreich zunehmenden Immunität gegen USUV auf extrem niederem Niveau. Möglicherweise reduzierten überstandene USUV-Infektionen die Fitness überlebender Vögel und setzten solcherart deren Fortpflanzungerfolg herab. – Für die Bestände der restlichen beiden Gebiete hat dies offenbar geringere oder keine Bedeutung. Wenn in anderen Teilen Mitteleuropas in den Sommermonaten Totfunde von Amseln gehäuft auftreten, sollten diese mit genauer Fundortangabe versehen unverzüglich Virologen übermittelt oder bis dahin tiefgekühlt zwischengelagert werden.USUV, previously known from Africa only, never before had been associated with fatal disease in vertebrates. Beginning with summer 2001, it caused mass mortality from mid-July to September in Blackbirds of Vienna and surroundings. From 2003 to 05 herd immunity developed and the proportion of USUV-positive dead Blackbirds decreased. As we have counted urban birds before and after summer 2001, we analysed population decrease of the species quantitatively. We used different methods: Steiner counted birds from September to June in established transects in six urban areas, beginning with 1993. Holzer in two districts recorded absolute numbers of birds in courts completely enclosed by buildings, in winters 2000/01 and 2003/04 respectively. For transect-counts density in January and February was considered to be typical for winter, in April for breeding time. To an unexpected scale, we found differences between subpopulations in time and extent of mortality: In six of the eight areas, with nearest distances from 0,2 to 2,9 km to river Danube, results are identical, regardless of method. In all months and subpopulations in 2002 decrease was between 58 and 94%, in one area after 2002 the species disappeared completely for four years, as late as 2007 two birds had been found again. As decrease in all months was very similar (Tab.4) it can be concluded, that the birds are strictly resident. Four of these subpopulations investigated at breeding time also, were unable for six years to increase their very low densities – in spite of herd immunity developing in Vienna after 2003. Reduced fitness of surviving individuals could explain this phenomenon. In remaining two areas, one being situated close to river Danube and to the six cited above, decrease was recorded (1) first in winter, in April in later years only, (2) decrease was not as dramatically, (3) increase to original densities occurred within one or two years. As USUV meanwhile emerged in Hungary, northern Italy and Switzerland, in case of mass mortality in summer, it is recommended to store dead birds in frozen condition or to bring it to a veterinary institution immediately

Time-variability in the Interstellar Boundary Conditions of the Heliosphere: Effect of the Solar Journey on the Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux at Earth

During the solar journey through galactic space, variations in the physical properties of the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM) modify the heliosphere and modulate the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) at the surface of the Earth, with consequences for the terrestrial record of cosmogenic radionuclides. One phenomenon that needs studying is the effect on cosmogenic isotope production of changing anomalous cosmic ray fluxes at Earth due to variable interstellar ionizations. The possible range of interstellar ram pressures and ionization levels in the low density solar environment generate dramatically different possible heliosphere configurations, with a wide range of particle fluxes of interstellar neutrals, their secondary products, and GCRs arriving at Earth. Simple models of the distribution and densities of ISM in the downwind direction give cloud transition timescales that can be directly compared with cosmogenic radionuclide geologic records. Both the interstellar data and cosmogenic radionuclide data are consistent with cloud transitions during the Holocene, with large and assumption-dependent uncertainties. The geomagnetic timeline derived from cosmic ray fluxes at Earth may require adjustment to account for the disappearance of anomalous cosmic rays when the Sun is immersed in ionized gas.Comment: Submitted to Space Sciences Review

Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravascular temperature management vs. surface cooling in comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest

Objective: To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of intravascular temperature management (IVTM) vs. surface cooling methods (SCM) for induced hypothermia (IH). Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis. English-language PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched on May 27, 2019. The quality of included observational studies was graded using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment tool. The quality of included randomized trials was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Random effects modeling was used to calculate risk differences for each outcome. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using standard methods. Eligibility: Observational or randomized studies comparing survival and/or neurologic outcomes in adults aged 18 years or greater resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receiving IH via IVTM vs. SCM were eligible for inclusion. Results: In total, 12 studies met inclusion criteria. These enrolled 1573 patients who received IVTM; and 4008 who received SCM. Survival was 55.0% in the IVTM group and 51.2% in the SCM group [pooled risk difference 2% (95% CI - 1%, 5%)] Good neurological outcome was achieved in 40.9% in the IVTM and 29.5% in the surface group [pooled risk difference 5% (95% CI 2%, 8%)]. There was a 6% (95% CI 11%, 2%) lower risk of arrhythmia with use of IVTM and 15% (95% CI 22%, 7%) decreased risk of overcooling with use of IVTM vs. SCM. There was no significant difference in other evaluated adverse events between groups. Conclusions: IVTM was associated with improved neurological outcomes vs. SCM among survivors resuscitated following cardiac arrest. These results may have implications for care of patients in the emergency department and intensive care settings after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.Peer reviewe

CPR in medical schools: learning by teaching BLS to sudden cardiac death survivors – a promising strategy for medical students?

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training is gaining more importance for medical students. There were many attempts to improve the basic life support (BLS) skills in medical students, some being rather successful, some less. We developed a new problem based learning curriculum, where students had to teach CPR to cardiac arrest survivors in order to improve the knowledge about life support skills of trainers and trainees. METHODS: Medical students who enrolled in our curriculum had to pass a 2 semester problem based learning session about the principles of cardiac arrest, CPR, BLS and defibrillation (CPR-D). Then the students taught cardiac arrest survivors who were randomly chosen out of a cardiac arrest database of our emergency department. Both, the student and the Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) survivor were asked about their skills and knowledge via questionnaires immediately after the course. The questionnaires were then used to evaluate if this new teaching strategy is useful for learning CPR via a problem-based-learning course. The survey was grouped into three categories, namely "Use of AED", "CPR-D" and "Training". In addition, there was space for free answers where the participants could state their opinion in their own words, which provided some useful hints for upcoming programs. RESULTS: This new learning-by-teaching strategy was highly accepted by all participants, the students and the SCD survivors. Most SCD survivors would use their skills in case one of their relatives goes into cardiac arrest (96%). Furthermore, 86% of the trainees were able to deal with failures and/or disturbances by themselves. On the trainer's side, 96% of the students felt to be well prepared for the course and were considered to be competent by 96% of their trainees. CONCLUSION: We could prove that learning by teaching CPR is possible and is highly accepted by the students. By offering a compelling appreciation of what CPR can achieve in using survivors from SCD as trainees made them go deeper into the subject of resuscitation, what also might result in a longer lasting benefit than regular lecture courses in CPR

Distinct ATOH1 and Neurog3 requirements define tuft cells as a new secretory cell type in the intestinal epithelium

Tuft cells represent a fourth type of intestinal secretory cell that constitutes the primary source of endogenous intestinal opioids and are the only epithelial cell that constitutively express cyclooxygenases

The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment

The 13th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-IV Survey Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) began observations in July 2014. It pursues three core programs: APOGEE-2,MaNGA, and eBOSS. In addition, eBOSS contains two major subprograms: TDSS and SPIDERS. This paper describes the first data release from SDSS-IV, Data Release 13 (DR13), which contains new data, reanalysis of existing data sets and, like all SDSS data releases, is inclusive of previously released data. DR13 makes publicly available 1390 spatially resolved integral field unit observations of nearby galaxies from MaNGA,the first data released from this survey. It includes new observations from eBOSS, completing SEQUELS. In addition to targeting galaxies and quasars, SEQUELS also targeted variability-selected objects from TDSS and X-ray selected objects from SPIDERS. DR13 includes new reductions ofthe SDSS-III BOSS data, improving the spectrophotometric calibration and redshift classification. DR13 releases new reductions of the APOGEE-1data from SDSS-III, with abundances of elements not previously included and improved stellar parameters for dwarf stars and cooler stars. For the SDSS imaging data, DR13 provides new, more robust and precise photometric calibrations. Several value-added catalogs are being released in tandem with DR13, in particular target catalogs relevant for eBOSS, TDSS, and SPIDERS, and an updated red-clump catalog for APOGEE.This paper describes the location and format of the data now publicly available, as well as providing references to the important technical papers that describe the targeting, observing, and data reduction. The SDSS website, http://www.sdss.org, provides links to the data, tutorials and examples of data access, and extensive documentation of the reduction and analysis procedures. DR13 is the first of a scheduled set that will contain new data and analyses from the planned ~6-year operations of SDSS-IV.PostprintPeer reviewe