Foraminíferos bentónicos como indicador ambiental en arrecifes coralinos de un sector noroccidental de Cuba

Los foraminíferos bentónicos marinos se utilizan con éxito para evaluar las condiciones del hábitat a través del estudio de sus comunidades o mediante el empleo de índices como el FoRAM y el índice de blanqueamiento de Amphistegina gibbosa (AMPHI). En el presente estudio se emplearon los criterios anteriores para evaluar las condiciones del hábitat en seis sitios de arrecifes coralinos de la costa norte de las provincias La Habana y Mayabeque en la región noroccidental de Cuba. Los valores obtenidos para el índice FoRAM (entre 4 y 5) indican que la calidad del agua en los sitios evaluados es adecuada para el crecimiento coralino, mientras que la densidad poblacional de A. gibbosa y el Índice AMPHI bajo muestran que la zona está impactada por un estrés fótico crónico asociado a blanqueamiento alto en todos los sitios de muestreo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la calidad de agua no es el único factor estresante para los arrecifes coralinos estudiados. Estos se encuentran bajo un estrés fótico crónico y pudieran estar afectados también por la elevada hidrodinámica en la región.   Recibido: 04.09.2021 Aceptado:22.09.2023 Editor: Ana María Suáre

Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: Modulation of inflammatory pathways

Major Depression is a severe psychiatric condition with a still poorly understood etiology. In the last years, evidence supporting the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression has increased. In the current clinical scenario, in which the available treatments for depression is far from optimal, there is an urgent need to develop fast-acting drugs with fewer side effects. In this regard, recent pieces of evidence suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa with anti-inflammatory properties, appears as a drug with antidepressant properties. In this work, CBD 30 mg/kg was administered systemically to mice 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.83 mg/kg) administration as a neuroinflammatory model, and behavioral tests for depressive-, anhedonic- and anxious-like behavior were performed. NF-?B, I?B? and PPAR? levels were analyzed by western blot in nuclear and cytosolic fractions of cortical samples. IL-6 and TNF? levels were determined in plasma and prefrontal cortex using ELISA and qPCR techniques, respectively. The precursor tryptophan (TRP), and its metabolites kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in hippocampus and cortex by HPLC. The ratios KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT were used to estimate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and the balance of both metabolic pathways, respectively. CBD reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting locomotion and central activity in the open-field test. CBD diminished cortical NF-?B activation, IL-6 levels in plasma and brain, and the increased KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT ratios in hippocampus and cortex in the LPS model. Our results demonstrate that CBD produced antidepressant-like effects in the LPS neuroinflammatory model, associated to a reduction in the kynurenine pathway activation, IL-6 levels and NF-?B activation. As CBD stands out as a promising antidepressant drug, more research is needed to completely understand its mechanisms of action in depression linked to inflammation.FUNDING AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2015-67457-R MINECO/FEDER), the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-097534-B-I00), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00170), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM). E F-Z was supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Universidad de Cantabria (Spain). We acknowledge the technical assistance of Annamaria Architravo and Deborah Vasturzo, and Dr Rebeca Vidal for her scientific advice

Feature selection for automatic analysis of emotional response based on nonlinear speech modeling suitable for diagnosis of Alzheimer׳s disease

Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among the elderly. This work is part of a larger study that aims to identify novel technologies and biomarkers or features for the early detection of AD and its degree of severity. The diagnosis is made by analyzing several biomarkers and conducting a variety of tests (although only a post-mortem examination of the patients’ brain tissue is considered to provide definitive confirmation). Non-invasive intelligent diagnosis techniques would be a very valuable diagnostic aid. This paper concerns the Automatic Analysis of Emotional Response (AAER) in spontaneous speech based on classical and new emotional speech features: Emotional Temperature (ET) and fractal dimension (FD). This is a pre-clinical study aiming to validate tests and biomarkers for future diagnostic use. The method has the great advantage of being non-invasive, low cost, and without any side effects. The AAER shows very promising results for the definition of features useful in the early diagnosis of AD

Status of the “Mangrove tunicate” Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in the Mediterranean Sea

The ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata is reported from Maltese waters for the first time. Mature colonies were recorded on artificial substrata at two different sites (and on natural substrata at one of these), 4 km apart, during the summer months. The appearance of this ascidian is expected to be seasonal as the winter temperature in Malta may fall below that required for the maintenance of zooid growth. A second species, E. moorei, which was described in 1890 is here confirmed to be the same as E. turbinata, meaning that the species has existed in the Mediterranean since at least ~1880. The possibility that the Mediterranean population is a relic one from warmer periods cannot yet be excluded, so it is best described as being cryptogenic. The species appears to be spreading slowly, perhaps as a result of the rise in surface sea temperature. The Maltese sites offer an opportunity to monitor the species as they are accessible dive sites. This will allow assessment of whether this species remains restricted to these sites, or if it spreads perhaps to impact other species

Global Diversity of Ascidiacea

The class Ascidiacea presents fundamental opportunities for research in the fields of development, evolution, ecology, natural products and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the global biodiversity of the class Ascidiacea, focusing in their taxonomy, main regions of biodiversity, and distribution patterns. Based on analysis of the literature and the species registered in the online World Register of Marine Species, we assembled a list of 2815 described species. The highest number of species and families is found in the order Aplousobranchia. Didemnidae and Styelidae families have the highest number of species with more than 500 within each group. Sixty percent of described species are colonial. Species richness is highest in tropical regions, where colonial species predominate. In higher latitudes solitary species gradually contribute more to the total species richness. We emphasize the strong association between species richness and sampling efforts, and discuss the risks of invasive species. Our inventory is certainly incomplete as the ascidian fauna in many areas around the world is relatively poorly known, and many new species continue to be discovered and described each year

Growth and reproduction of the dolphinfish (Coryphaena equiselis and Coryphaena hippurus) in the Canary Islands, Central-East Atlantic (preliminary results)

The size, growth and spawning characteristics of pompano dolphin (N=150) and common dolphinfish (N=36) caught off the Canary Islands between May and September 1995 and between July and September 1996 were examined. Fork length (FL) of pompano dolphin was in the range 28.3-62.8 cm. In 1995, the mean length increased significantly from June to September. However, in 1996, the mean length was significantly larger in July than in September. The overall length-weight relationship was W=0.0287*FL2.774 (r=0.97), while these relationships by sex were as follows: W=0.031*FL2.758 (r=0.98) and W=0.0282*FL2.776 (r=0.97), for males and females respectively. Spawning takes place at the beginning of the Summer (June-July). All the individuals obtained showed developing gonads, but females showed a higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) than males. The highest GSI values were obtained in June (x- =3.10±1.73), and decreased progressively towards the end of the season (September), when the average of this index was x- = 1.86±0.87. Similarly, the condition index decreased significantly from June to September. The proportion of females was always significantly higher than males, except in July 1996 when it was 1:1. There was a high correspondence between growth rates determined by annuli scale interpretation and modal progression analysis. According to scale annuli interpretation, the individuals caught showed more than five age classes. However, there are doubts about age assignation from scales. Fork length of common dolphinfish was in the range of 76.5-103.0 cm. The length-weight relationships obtained for all the specimens caught was W=0.00095FL3.527 (r=0.96), while these relationships by sex were as follows: W=0.00398FL3.222 (r=0.94) and W=0.01656FL2.873 (r=0.91), for males and females respectively. Spawning probably takes place at the beginning of the Summer. All the individuals obtained showed developing gonads, although the GSI of females were higher than males. The highest GSI values were obtained in June (x- =5.50±2.17). In the same way, the condition index decreased from May to June. The proportion of females was always slightly higher than males (1:1.4), but the ratio was not significantly different from 1:

Reproducción y desarrollo de Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascideacea: Perophoridae) en Cuba

Se presentan algunas caracteristicas de la reproducción de Ecteinascidia turbinata en Punta del Este región suroeste de Cuba. Para conocer el desarrollo gonada! de la especie, se analizaron 4 606 zooides provenientes de 30 colonias, distribuidas en seis estaciones, que se muestrearon mensualmente de junio de 1994 a mayo de 1995. De agosto a noviembre de 1997 se realizaron algunos muestreos para determinar la capacidad de regeneración de las colonias. Se establecieron cinco estadios de desarrollo gonadal: Juveniles, Inmaduros, Maduros, en Liberación larval y en Reabsorción. Los zooides alcanzan hasta 27 mm de largo. La talla minima de maduración sexual de los zooides fue de 6.7 mm, pero más del 50 % de los maduros y en fase de liberación de larvas tienen entre 19 y 20 mm de largo. Los zooides inmaduros predominan en la mayoria de las clases de largo y constituyen más del 60 % del total durante casi todo el aí'ío. E. turbinata se reproduce de forma sexual de septiembre a julio, con un máximo en abril-mayo y asexualmente durante todo el año, aunque con mayor intensidad durante el verano y principalmente en el mes de agosto. En 21 zooides con largos entre 17 y 23 mm, se contaron y midieron los ooeitos, embriones y larvas. Después de producido el desove y la reabsorción de todos los zooides de una colonia, los siguientes ciclos de generación-degeneración de la colonia se repiten aproximadamente cada 40 días.The reproduction of Ecteinascidia turbinata was studied in Punta del Este, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. Gonadal development of 4 606 zooids ftom 30 colonies was studied in six localities by monthly samples ftom June 1994 through May 1995. In addition, ftom August lO November 1997, the regenerating capacity of the colonies was assessed. Number and diameter of oocytes, embryos and larvae were measured in 21 zooids (17- 23 mm long). Five stages of gonad development are described: juvenile, immature, mature, in larval release and in reabsorption. The zooids reach 27 mm in length. Immature zooids may exceed 60 % of the total population throughout the year and prevail in most length classes. Minimum size for mature zooids was 6.7 mm, but more than 50 % of mature and at larval release zooids measured 19-20 mm. Sexual reproduction occurs ftom September through July with a peak in April-May. Asexual reproduction occurs year-round, but more intensely during the summer, especially in Augusl After the spawning and reabsorption of all zooids in a colony, the following cycles of generation-degeneration of the colony repeat approximately every 40 day

Alimentación de la ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) en dos áreas de manglar de Cuba

Se estudiaron los contenidos estomacales de 88 zooides de Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 y la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa del fitoplancton en la columna de agua en Santa Fe (Litoral Norte de la Habana) y Punta del Este (SW de Cuba). En el contenido estomacal de la ascidia se identificaron 59 especies de microalgas y cuatro tintínidos. El tamaño de las células varió entre 75 y 165 μm de largo y de 2 a 105 μm de ancho. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de especies de microalgas en la columna de agua de las dos localidades. Las diatomeas tuvieron la mayor cantidad de especies y el mayor número de individuos, tanto en los estómagos como en la columna de agua en ambas localidades. La biomasa de dinoflagelados en Santa Fe fue mayor en agua y estómagos. En Punta del Este el aporte de cada grupo al contenido estomacal es similar al encontrado en la columna de agua. Esta especie filtra de forma constante e irregular durante las 24 horas del día, independientemente de la disponibilidad de alimento

Alimentación de la ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) en dos áreas de manglar de Cuba

Se estudiaron los contenidos estomacales de 88 zooides de Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 y la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa del fitoplancton en la columna de agua en Santa Fe (Litoral Norte de la Habana) y Punta del Este (SW de Cuba). En el contenido estomacal de la ascidia se identificaron 59 especies de microalgas y cuatro tintínidos. El tamaño de las células varió entre 75 y 165 µm de largo y de 2 a 105 µm de ancho. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de especies de microalgas en la columna de agua de las dos localidades. Las diatomeas tuvieron la mayor cantidad de especies y el mayor número de individuos, tanto en los estómagos como en la columna de agua en ambas localidades. La biomasa de dinoflagelados en Santa Fe fue mayor en agua y estómagos. En Punta del Este el aporte de cada grupo al contenido estomacal es similar al encontrado en la columna de agua. Esta especie filtra de forma constante e irregular durante las 24 horas del día, independientemente de la disponibilidad de alimento.Diet of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in two mangrove areas of Cuba. Stomach contents of 88 zooids of Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 and the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton in the water column were studied in Santa Fe (North Coast of Havana) and Punta del Este (SW of Cuba). We identified 59 microalgal species and four tintinnids in the stomachs. Cell size was 75-165 µm in length and 2-105 µm in width. There were not significant differences in microalgal diversity in the water column in the two locations. In both locations, the diatoms had the largest number of species and individuals in stomachs and water. In Santa Fe, dinoflagellate biomass was larger in water and stomach contents, while in Punta del Este the contribution of each group to the stomach content was similar to that of the water column. This species filters in a constant and irregular way during the day, independently of food availability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 499-507. Epub 2007 June, 29