Can eccentric training give a long-term effect on the extensibility of the musculotendinous complex? : a literature study

Background. Good flexibility is one of the basic conditions for optimum performance, regardless of the patient or athlete concerned. Traditional methods of increasing the extensibility of the musculo-tendinous complex show only short-term effect. Training with focus on the eccentric muscle contraction has shown potential to fill this gap. Purpose. To summarize the long-term effect of eccentric training on the extensibility of the musculo-tendinous complex as measured by angular joint mobility. Method. A literature review was conducted. Search was made in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Seven studies were included. The quality of the studies was examined by SBU´s review template. Results. Of the seven included studies three showed significant increases in extensibility in the musculo-tendinous complex measured as the impact on the range of motion (ROM) and lasting longer than 24 hours. Four studies showed no increase or a slight decline of the ROM. Conclusion. Eccentric exercise performed to the end range of motion, lasting a longer time with medium to high training load indicates a long-term effect on the extensibility of the musculo-tendinous complex and thus an increase in angular joint movement. The mechanism behind the improvement is probably by addition of sarcomeres in series in the muscle cell.Bakgrund: God rörlighet är en av grundförutsättningarna för optimal funktion oberoende av vilken patientgrupp eller idrottsutövare det gäller. Traditionella metoder för att öka töjbarheten i muskel-senkomplexet har visat sig endast ha kortvarigt resultat. Träning med fokus på excentrisk muskelkontraktion har visat en potentiell möjlighet att fylla luckan. Syfte: Att sammanställa kunskap avseende excentrisk tränings långvariga effekt på muskel-senkomplexets töjbarhet mätt via angulär ledrörlighet. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes. Litteratur söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Sju studier inkluderades. De kvalitetsgranskades med SBUs granskningsmall. Resultat: Av de sju inkluderade studierna visade tre signifikanta ökningar av muskel-senkomplexets töjbarhet med en långvarig effekt på rörelseomfånget (ROM) i knäleden mätt efter minst 24 timmar. Fyra studier visade ingen ökning eller en liten minskning av rörelseomfånget. Konklusion: Excentrisk träning som utförs till rörelsebanans ytterläge, har pågått en längre tid och har medel till hög belastning indikerar en långvarig effekt på muskel-senkomplexets töjbarhet och därmed en ökning av angulär ledrörlighet. Bakomliggande mekanism är troligen ett ökat antal sarcomerer i muskelcellernas längsriktning

Genome-Wide Association Study in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk

BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risks can be modified by common genetic variants. To identify further cancer risk-modifying loci, we performed a multi-stage GWAS of 11,705 BRCA1 carriers (of whom 5,920 were diagnosed with breast and 1,839 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer), with a further replication in an additional sample of 2,646 BRCA1 carriers. We identified a novel breast cancer risk modifier locus at 1q32 for BRCA1 carriers (rs2290854, P = 2.7×10-8, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20). In addition, we identified two novel ovarian cancer risk modifier loci: 17q21.31 (rs17631303, P = 1.4×10-8, HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and 4q32.3 (rs4691139, P = 3.4×10-8, HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38). The 4q32.3 locus was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population or BRCA2 carriers, suggesting a BRCA1-specific associat

The use of seat belts in Sweden 2009

VTI has observed seat belt use in a number of towns in Central Sweden since 1983. The observations last year were made over a total of nine days in August\u96September 2009, approximately one day per measuring point. The total number of vehicles observed was over 54,400 passenger cars and 5,900 other vehicles. When VTI commenced its measurement series in 1983, seat belt use by adult passengers in the back seat was a modest 10%. It increased in one jump to 60% when the law on seat belt use by adults in the car as a whole came into force on July 1, 1986. Today, close to 80% of all adult back seat passengers use a belt. The corresponding level for children in the back seat has been consistently about 10-20 percentage points higher. In 2009, about 95% of all children in the back seat wore a seat belt

A model for forecasting young people's propensity to take driving licence

The propensity of young people to take driving licence was rather consistent up until 1990. Around 1990, the behaviour of young people changed in many respects. They continued living at home for a longer period of time, they became established later and with less favourable conditions of employment in working life, they studied to a greater extent and, above all, studied longer, they started families later. A sign of the times was that they also put off taking driving licence. Searches of the literature have shown that hardly any models have been presented that describe the taking of driving licence. A model produced earlier at VTI has functioned as a basis in this study. Separate models of the propensity to take driving licence have been estimated for each age group between 18 and 24. Independent variables in the model are a driving licence cost index and the proportion of 24-year olds who have post upper-secondary school education. Official statistics published concerning the taking of driving licence at various ages show, for example, the proportion of 18-year olds who have taken a driving licence during the calendar year in which they attain the age of 18. If one wants data regarding how many took a driving licence before their 19th birthday, special analyses are required. An estimation can be made based on the result of the model, but in the report a more ambitious attempt is also presented

Så tycker brukarna om äldreomsorgen i Herrljunga, Svenljunga och Tranemo. 2008 jämfört med 2004

2004 gjordes en undersökning på hur brukarna i Herrljunga, Svenljunga och Tranemo tyckte om kvaliteten i äldreomsorgen. Denna undersökning är en jämförelse med 2004 års undersökning. Vilka förändringar har skett på dessa fyra år? Vad finns det för förbättringsområden i kommunernas verksamheter idag

Så tycker brukarna om äldreomsorgen i Herrljunga, Svenljunga och Tranemo. 2008 jämfört med 2004

2004 gjordes en undersökning på hur brukarna i Herrljunga, Svenljunga och Tranemo tyckte om kvaliteten i äldreomsorgen. Denna undersökning är en jämförelse med 2004 års undersökning. Vilka förändringar har skett på dessa fyra år? Vad finns det för förbättringsområden i kommunernas verksamheter idag

Colorectal Cancer Cells Activate Adjacent Fibroblasts Resulting in FGF1/FGFR3 Signaling and Increased Invasion

Cancer-associated fibroblasts expressing fibroblast activation protein (FAP) have been implicated in the invasive behavior of colorectal cancer. In this study, we use FAP expression as a marker of fibroblast activation and analyze the effect of activated fibroblasts on colorectal cancer migration and invasion in experimental cell studies. We also investigated the expression pattern of FAP in cancer-associated fibroblasts during transformation from benign to malignant colorectal tumors. In immunohistochemical analyses, FAP was expressed in fibroblasts in all colorectal cancer samples examined, whereas all normal colon, hyperplastic polyps, or adenoma samples were negative. In in vitro studies, conditioned medium from colon cancer cells, but not adenoma cells, activated fibroblasts by inducing FAP expression. These activated fibroblasts increased the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells in Boyden chamber experiments and in a three-dimensional cell culture model. We identify fibroblast growth factor 1/fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGF1/FGFR-3) signaling as mediators leading to the increased migration and invasion. Activated fibroblasts increase their expression of FGF1, and by adding a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, as well as an FGF1-neutralizing antibody, we reduced the migration of colon cancer cells. Our findings provide evidence of a possible molecular mechanism involved in the cross talk between cancer cells and fibroblasts leading to cancer cell invasion

Common variants of the <i>BRCA1</i> wild-type allele modify the risk of breast cancer in <i>BRCA1</i> mutation carriers

Mutations in the &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; gene substantially increase a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. However, there is great variation in this increase in risk with several genetic and non-genetic modifiers identified. The &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; protein plays a central role in DNA repair, a mechanism that is particularly instrumental in safeguarding cells against tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that polymorphisms that alter the expression and/or function of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; carried on the wild-type (non-mutated) copy of the &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; gene would modify the risk of breast cancer in carriers of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; mutations. A total of 9874 &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; mutation carriers were available in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1/2&lt;/i&gt; (CIMBA) for haplotype analyses of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt;. Women carrying the rare allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs16942 on the wild-type copy of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; were at decreased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77–0.95, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003). Promoter &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; assays of the major &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; haplotypes showed that common polymorphisms in the regulatory region alter its activity and that this effect may be attributed to the differential binding affinity of nuclear proteins. In conclusion, variants on the wild-type copy of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; modify risk of breast cancer among carriers of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; mutations, possibly by altering the efficiency of &lt;i&gt;BRCA1&lt;/i&gt; transcription