110 research outputs found

    Designed Inhibitors of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Regulate the Catabolism and Activity of Insulin

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    Background: Insulin is a vital peptide hormone that is a central regulator of glucose homeostasis, and impairments in insulin signaling cause diabetes mellitus. In principle, it should be possible to enhance the activity of insulin by inhibiting its catabolism, which is mediated primarily by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a structurally and evolutionarily distinctive zinc-metalloprotease. Despite interest in pharmacological inhibition of IDE as an attractive anti-diabetic approach dating to the 1950s, potent and selective inhibitors of IDE have not yet emerged. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used a rational design approach based on analysis of combinatorial peptide mixtures and focused compound libraries to develop novel peptide hydroxamic acid inhibitors of IDE. The resulting compounds are ∌106 times more potent than existing inhibitors, non-toxic, and surprisingly selective for IDE vis-Ă -vis conventional zinc-metalloproteases. Crystallographic analysis of an IDE-inhibitor complex reveals a novel mode of inhibition based on stabilization of IDE's “closed,” inactive conformation. We show further that pharmacological inhibition of IDE potentiates insulin signaling by a mechanism involving reduced catabolism of internalized insulin. Conclusions/Significance: The inhibitors we describe are the first to potently and selectively inhibit IDE or indeed any member of this atypical zinc-metalloprotease superfamily. The distinctive structure of IDE's active site, and the mode of action of our inhibitors, suggests that it may be possible to develop inhibitors that cross-react minimally with conventional zinc-metalloproteases. Significantly, our results reveal that insulin signaling is normally regulated by IDE activity not only extracellularly but also within cells, supporting the longstanding view that IDE inhibitors could hold therapeutic value for the treatment of diabetes

    Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in southern Brazil: a case-control study

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    BACKGROUND: In Brazil, it is estimated that between 2.5 and 4.9% of the general population present anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, which corresponds to as many as 3.9 to 7.6 million chronic carriers. Chronic liver disease is associated with HCV infection in 20% to 58% of the Brazilian patients. The objective of this case-control study was to investigate the risk factors for presence of anti-HCV antibody in blood donors in southern Brazil. METHODS: One hundred and seventy eight blood donors with two positive ELISA results for anti-HCV were cases, and 356 controls tested negative. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data concerning demographic and socioeconomic aspects, history of previous hepatitis infection, social and sexual behaviors, and number of donations. Variables were grouped into sets of hierarchical categories. Cases and controls were compared using logistic regression, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. The statistical significance of the associations was assessed through likelihood ratio tests based on a P value < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV among blood donors was 1.1%. Most of the donors were white and males. In the multivariate analysis, independent predictors of anti-HCV positivity were: intravenous drug use, blood transfusion >10 years earlier, having had two to four sexually transmitted diseases, incarceration, tattooing, sex with a hepatitis B or C virus carrier or with intravenous drug users. CONCLUSION: Intravenous drug use, blood transfusion, and tattooing were the main risk factors for anti-HCV positivity among blood donors from southern Brazil, but sexual HCV transmission should also be considered

    Sustainable Sources of Biomass for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Derived from Coal-Fired Power Generation

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    Biosorption of heavy metals using dried algal biomass has been extensively described but rarely implemented. We contend this is because available algal biomass is a valuable product with a ready market. Therefore, we considered an alternative and practical approach to algal bioremediation in which algae were cultured directly in the waste water stream. We cultured three species of algae with and without nutrient addition in water that was contaminated with heavy metals from an Ash Dam associated with coal-fired power generation and tested metal uptake and bioremediation potential. All species achieved high concentrations of heavy metals (to 8% dry mass). Two key elements, V and As, reached concentrations in the biomass of 1543 mg.kg−1 DW and 137 mg.kg−1 DW. Growth rates were reduced by more than half in neat Ash Dam water than when nutrients were supplied in excess. Growth rate and bioconcentration were positively correlated for most elements, but some elements (e.g. Cd, Zn) were concentrated more when growth rates were lower, indicating the potential to tailor bioremediation depending on the pollutant. The cosmopolitan nature of the macroalgae studied, and their ability to grow and concentrate a suite of heavy metals from industrial wastes, highlights a clear benefit in the practical application of waste water bioremediation

    Spt6 is a maintenance factor for centromeric CENP-A

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    Replication and transcription of genomic DNA requires partial disassembly of nucleosomes to allow progression of polymerases. This presents both an opportunity to remodel the underlying chromatin and a danger of losing epigenetic information. Centromeric transcription is required for stable incorporation of the centromere-specific histone dCENP-A in M/G1 phase, which depends on the eviction of previously deposited H3/H3.3-placeholder nucleosomes. Here we demonstrate that the histone chaperone and transcription elongation factor Spt6 spatially and temporarily coincides with centromeric transcription and prevents the loss of old CENP-A nucleosomes in both Drosophila and human cells. Spt6 binds directly to dCENP-A and dCENP-A mutants carrying phosphomimetic residues alleviate this association. Retention of phosphomimetic dCENP-A mutants is reduced relative to wildtype, while non-phosphorylatable dCENP-A retention is increased and accumulates at the centromere. We conclude that Spt6 acts as a conserved CENP-A maintenance factor that ensures long-term stability of epigenetic centromere identity during transcription-mediated chromatin remodeling

    Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples

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    BiaxPhos ligands with two chiral axes and their application in asymmetric catalysis

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    Dans un contexte oĂč la catalyse asymĂ©trique prend de plus en plus d’importance, la recherche de nouveaux ligands chiraux reste essentielle. Notre Ă©quipe a initialement dĂ©veloppĂ© le premier exemple d’arylation C-H atroposĂ©lective, dirigĂ©e par un groupement sulfoxyde et permettant d’accĂ©der Ă  des structures ortho-terphĂ©nyles inĂ©dites. A la suite de ces travaux, nous avons mis Ă  profit ce squelette ortho-terphĂ©nyle afin de dĂ©velopper une nouvelle famille de ligands diphosphine, BiaxPhos, possĂ©dant deux axes atropisomĂ©riques. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente la synthĂšse des ligands BiaxPhos ainsi que leurs applications en catalyse asymĂ©trique. Afin d’accĂ©der Ă  ces ligands, nous avons conçu une nouvelle voie de synthĂšse impliquant des Ă©changes sĂ©lectifs avec des bases lithiĂ©es et permettant la formation de diphosphines hautement modulables. Par la suite, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© le potentiel de ces ligands dans des rĂ©actions asymĂ©triques. En premier lieu, notre ligand a montrĂ© un excellent pouvoir d’induction asymĂ©trique pour l’hydrogĂ©nation de dĂ©rivĂ©s d’acides aminĂ©s catalysĂ©e au rhodium. De plus, afin de prĂ©parer des amines chirales, motifs trĂšs prĂ©sents dans de nombreux composĂ©s pharmaceutiques ou agrochimiques, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  l’hydrogĂ©nation d’imines acycliques. Par catalyse avec des complexes iridium-BiaxPhos, il a Ă©tĂ© possible de gĂ©nĂ©rer des amines chirales dans des conditions douces et avec de trĂšs bonnes Ă©nantiosĂ©lectivitĂ©s. Outre l’hydrogĂ©nation, notre ligand a Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© son efficacitĂ© sur une rĂ©action inĂ©dite d’alcoxycyclisation asymĂ©trique d’énynes-1,6 catalysĂ©e Ă  l’or, en collaboration avec le Pr Michelet. Les premiĂšres recherches sur ces ligands ont donc dĂ©montrĂ© un trĂšs fort potentiel en catalyse asymĂ©trique et cela laisse entrevoir de nombreuses possibilitĂ©s pour ce ligand dans le futur.While considering the growing importance of asymmetric catalysis, the design of original chiral ligands remains a vivid research field. Our team developed the first example of atroposelective C-H arylation directed by a sulfoxide moiety, allowing the formation of new ortho-terphenyl scaffold. Following this work, we took advantage of this original scaffold to develop a new diphosphine ligand family, BiaxPhos, containing two atropisomeric axes. This work exhibits the synthesis of these BiaxPhos ligands and their application in asymmetric catalysis. To access these ligands, a new pathway based on sufloxide-lithium exchange has been designed to access highly modulable diphosphine molecules. Afterwards, the potential of these ligands in asymmetric reactions was evaluated. Our ligand demonstrated an excellent asymmetric induction for the hydrogenation of amino-acid derivatives catalyzed by rhodium. Moreover, to prepare chiral amines, which are abundant moieties in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, we were interested in the hydrogenation of acyclic imines. Iridium-BiaxPhos complexes are able to produce chiral amines under mild conditions and with good enantioselectivities. Going beyond hydrogenation, our ligand also demonstrated his efficiency for a novel asymmetric alcoxycyclization of 1,6-enynes catalyzed by gold. The first results for these ligands showed a high potential for chiral induction in asymmetric catalysis and numerous possibilities could be foreseen for this ligand in the future

    The epic temptation : epic and epic on the French stages (1989-2017)

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    Alors que la post-modernitĂ© en avait proclamĂ© la fin, alors que le post-dramatique s’était dĂ©ployĂ© contre, les grands rĂ©cits semblent de retour sur les scĂšnes du thĂ©Ăątre public depuis les annĂ©es 1990, et plus encore les annĂ©es 2000 et 2010. Cette thĂšse se propose d’explorer ce mouvement vers l’épique depuis que la crĂ©ation thĂ©Ăątrale n’est plus aussi explicitement tendue par de grands vecteurs politiques et idĂ©ologiques, soit, symboliquement, depuis la chute du bloc soviĂ©tique avec celle du mur de Berlin. Comment de nouvelles formes Ă©piques s’inventent-elles alors au plateau, dans le souvenir de Brecht mais sans s’adosser comme lui Ă  une tĂ©lĂ©ologie marxiste ? Comment ce nouvel Ă©pique thĂ©Ăątral refonde-t-il sa verticalitĂ© ou s’invente-t-il sans verticalitĂ© ? Quel lien entretient-il avec l’édifice thĂ©orique du dramaturge allemand mais aussi quel rapport construit-il aux Ă©popĂ©es homĂ©riques ? En observant les grandes tendances Ă©piques contemporaines, cette thĂšse s’attache Ă  dĂ©gager un concept d’épique qui soit pertinent dans le contexte dĂ©mocratique et Ă©galitaire qui est le nĂŽtre.While post-modernity had proclaimed their end and post-dramatic theatre had unfolded against them, grand narratives seem to have returned to the stages of French public theatre since the 1990s, and even more so in the following decades. This thesis sets out to explore this movement towards the epic genre since dramatic creation is no longer propelled by great political and ideological vectors, given the fall of the Soviet bloc and the fall of the Berlin Wall. How can new epic forms be invented on the set, following the heritage of Brecht but without leaning against a Marxist teleology? How does this new dramatic genre of epic rebuild its verticality or reinvent itself without verticality? What is its relation with the theoretical work of the German dramatist, as well as with the Homeric epic poems? By observing major contemporary epic trends, this thesis seeks to identify a concept of epic that is relevant in the democratic and egalitarian context in which we live

    BiaxPhos ligands with two chiral axes and their application in asymmetric catalysis

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    Dans un contexte oĂč la catalyse asymĂ©trique prend de plus en plus d’importance, la recherche de nouveaux ligands chiraux reste essentielle. Notre Ă©quipe a initialement dĂ©veloppĂ© le premier exemple d’arylation C-H atroposĂ©lective, dirigĂ©e par un groupement sulfoxyde et permettant d’accĂ©der Ă  des structures ortho-terphĂ©nyles inĂ©dites. A la suite de ces travaux, nous avons mis Ă  profit ce squelette ortho-terphĂ©nyle afin de dĂ©velopper une nouvelle famille de ligands diphosphine, BiaxPhos, possĂ©dant deux axes atropisomĂ©riques. Cette thĂšse prĂ©sente la synthĂšse des ligands BiaxPhos ainsi que leurs applications en catalyse asymĂ©trique. Afin d’accĂ©der Ă  ces ligands, nous avons conçu une nouvelle voie de synthĂšse impliquant des Ă©changes sĂ©lectifs avec des bases lithiĂ©es et permettant la formation de diphosphines hautement modulables. Par la suite, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© le potentiel de ces ligands dans des rĂ©actions asymĂ©triques. En premier lieu, notre ligand a montrĂ© un excellent pouvoir d’induction asymĂ©trique pour l’hydrogĂ©nation de dĂ©rivĂ©s d’acides aminĂ©s catalysĂ©e au rhodium. De plus, afin de prĂ©parer des amines chirales, motifs trĂšs prĂ©sents dans de nombreux composĂ©s pharmaceutiques ou agrochimiques, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  l’hydrogĂ©nation d’imines acycliques. Par catalyse avec des complexes iridium-BiaxPhos, il a Ă©tĂ© possible de gĂ©nĂ©rer des amines chirales dans des conditions douces et avec de trĂšs bonnes Ă©nantiosĂ©lectivitĂ©s. Outre l’hydrogĂ©nation, notre ligand a Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© son efficacitĂ© sur une rĂ©action inĂ©dite d’alcoxycyclisation asymĂ©trique d’énynes-1,6 catalysĂ©e Ă  l’or, en collaboration avec le Pr Michelet. Les premiĂšres recherches sur ces ligands ont donc dĂ©montrĂ© un trĂšs fort potentiel en catalyse asymĂ©trique et cela laisse entrevoir de nombreuses possibilitĂ©s pour ce ligand dans le futur.While considering the growing importance of asymmetric catalysis, the design of original chiral ligands remains a vivid research field. Our team developed the first example of atroposelective C-H arylation directed by a sulfoxide moiety, allowing the formation of new ortho-terphenyl scaffold. Following this work, we took advantage of this original scaffold to develop a new diphosphine ligand family, BiaxPhos, containing two atropisomeric axes. This work exhibits the synthesis of these BiaxPhos ligands and their application in asymmetric catalysis. To access these ligands, a new pathway based on sufloxide-lithium exchange has been designed to access highly modulable diphosphine molecules. Afterwards, the potential of these ligands in asymmetric reactions was evaluated. Our ligand demonstrated an excellent asymmetric induction for the hydrogenation of amino-acid derivatives catalyzed by rhodium. Moreover, to prepare chiral amines, which are abundant moieties in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, we were interested in the hydrogenation of acyclic imines. Iridium-BiaxPhos complexes are able to produce chiral amines under mild conditions and with good enantioselectivities. Going beyond hydrogenation, our ligand also demonstrated his efficiency for a novel asymmetric alcoxycyclization of 1,6-enynes catalyzed by gold. The first results for these ligands showed a high potential for chiral induction in asymmetric catalysis and numerous possibilities could be foreseen for this ligand in the future

    Etude de cascades rĂ©actionnelles pallado-catalysĂ©es de fermeture d’allĂšnamides et d’allylation directe de liaisons C-H et C-CO2H d’azoles, d’énamides et d’acides propioliques pour la diversitĂ© structurelle

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    The design of efficient and eco-friendly atom and step-economical synthetic plans of molecules using highly available starting materials is one of major objectives of organic chemist. Transition metal catalysis has allowed a bold step to build and functionalize consecutively, through a one-pot reaction, major nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are broadly present into numerous natural products, pharmaceutics and agrochemicals. The catalysis is based upon tandem inner-sphere elemental chemical transformations and one of major current challenge is to implement catalytic metallation of C-CO2H and C-H bonds. Involved in this young field of research initiated since the past decade from sevaral groups including pioneering and high active Jieping Zhu team of the Polytechnic School of Lausanne, the present study has been directed towards the design of innovative palladium-catalyzed domino Grigg nitrogen-containing heterocycles building through ortho-halogeno allenamides intramolecular carbopalladation process followed by direct C-H allylation of heterocycles and enamides or direct decarboxylative allylation of propiolic acids. After demonstrating the reactivity of nitrogen-conjugated pi-allypalladium complex in direct C-H allylation of acidic heterocycles, first palladium-catalyzed tandem build and heteroarylation of 1(2H)-isoquinoleinone and indole from ortho-halogeno allenamides was first envisaged. Efforts were next directed to the setting up of a one-pot protocol including in situ generation of allenamide followed by palladium-catalyzed domino building and functionalization of heterocycles. It was then hugely evaluated to the preparation of indole, 1(2H)-isoquinoleinones, isoquinolins as well as high-membred ring heterocycles such as benzo-(2H)-azepine and benzo-(2H)-azocine embedding with oxadiazoles and oxa(thia)zoles. An first extended synthetic concept towards the palladium-catalyzed tandem build and propargylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles using sevral propiolic acids as coupling partners.Le dĂ©veloppement de plans synthĂ©tiques de molĂ©cules de complexitĂ© variable qui utilise des rĂ©actifs aisĂ©s d’accĂšs et qui sont Ă©conomes en atomes et en Ă©tapes est constamment au cƓur des prĂ©occupations du chimiste organicien pour accroĂźtre la diversitĂ© molĂ©culaire de façon efficace et Ă©co-responsable. La catalyse par les mĂ©taux de transition a permis de faire des progrĂšs considĂ©rables dans la construction et la fonctionnalisation combinĂ©es d’hĂ©tĂ©rocycles d’intĂ©rĂȘt Ă  valeur ajoutĂ©e dans les sciences des produits naturels et les industries pharmaceutiques et phytosanitaires. Le principe synthĂ©tique consiste en l’enchaĂźnement de processus standards Ă©lĂ©mentaires de transformations chimiques en un seul pot au sein de la sphĂšre catalytique mĂ©tallique. Un axe de progrĂšs contemporain repose en particulier sur l’incorporation de processus de mĂ©tallation catalytique de liaisons C-CO2H et C-H. Les travaux de thĂšse s’inscrivent dans ce jeune domaine de recherche initiĂ© au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie par plusieurs Ă©quipes de recherche dont celle de Jieping Zhu de l’école polytechnique fĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne compte parmi les pionniĂšres et les plus actives. Ils ont visĂ© notamment Ă  implĂ©menter consĂ©cutivement aux processus standards de carbopalladation intramolĂ©culaire d’ortho-halogĂ©no allĂ©namides de Grigg de construction d’hĂ©tĂ©rocycles azotĂ©s trĂšs variĂ©s, d’une part des rĂ©actions d’allylation directe de la liaison C-H d’hĂ©tĂ©rocycles et d’énamides et d’autre part d’allylation dĂ©carboxylante d’acides propioliques. AprĂšs avoir Ă©valuĂ© la rĂ©activitĂ© des complexes pi-allypalladium conjuguĂ©s Ă  un atome d’azote dans la rĂ©action, l’allylation directe de la laison C-H d’oxadiazoles et de 1,3-diazoles Ă  fort caractĂšre acide ainsi que des Ă©namides, des sĂ©quences originales de construction et d’hĂ©tĂ©roarylation combinĂ©es pallado-catalysĂ©es d’isoquinolinones et d’indoles ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablies. Un protocole sĂ©quencĂ© conduit en un seul pot et basĂ© sur la gĂ©nĂ©ration in situ des allĂ©namides, qui ne sont plus isolĂ©es, suivie de la rĂ©action de construction et d’hĂ©tĂ©roarylation combinĂ©es pallado-catalysĂ©e a ensuite Ă©tĂ© mis au point. Il a Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ© pour la prĂ©paration d’indoles, 1(2H)-isoquinolĂ©ĂŻnones, isoquinolĂ©ĂŻnes mais Ă©galement des hĂ©tĂ©rocycles de taille supĂ©rieure, benzo-(2H)-azĂ©pine et benzo-(2H)-azocine intĂ©grant des oxadiazoles et oxa(thia)zoles. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude d’extension du concept synthĂ©tique a finalement Ă©tĂ© ciblĂ©e sur la construction et la propargylation combinĂ©e de la large gamme d’hĂ©tĂ©rocycles azotĂ©s obtenus prĂ©cĂ©demment en utilisant les acides propioliques comme partenaire de couplage
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