The use of the API 20 NE bacteria classification procedure to identify Pasteurellaceae strains in rodents and rabbits

Forty growth-factor independent Pasteurellaceae strains representing most known taxa from rodents and  rabbits were API 20 NE profiled by four laboratory animal diagnostic laboratories using their routine  methodology. Significant differences were found in the number of bacterial strains classified with the  Pasteurellaceae. The results of the four laboratories taken together showed that 136 (85 %) of the 160 tests  carried out with the 40 strains led to classification with the family. The 23 Pasteurellaceae strains from  species (Pasteurella aerogenes, P. multocida, P. pneumotropica) present in the API 20 NE data base (API  taxa strains) and the 17 strains from taxa not included (non - API taxa strains) were classified with the family  with similar frequency.Pasteurella species designation differed significantly between the laboratories and full agreement in speciation  was found with only 9 (22.5 %) of the 40 strains. Of the tests carried out with P. multocida and P.  pneumotropica, 42 and 52 % respectively led to misclassification. Conversely 38 % of the profiles  obtained with non- API taxa strains led to identification as P. multocida or P. pneumotropica.  We conclude that identification of Pasteurellaceae to the species level by the API 20 NE system is unreliable,  but the system is useful to classify various Pasteurellaceae taxa from rodents and rabbits with the  bacterial family.

Accelerating CO2-Emission Reductions via Corporate Programmes; Analysis of an Existing Corporate Programme

This working paper analyzes and assesses the COYou2 Program of the company Swiss Re. This corporate program allows employees to claim subsidies for the realization of various activities reducing their energy consumption and CO2-emissions at home. Examples of such activities are the purchase of a hybrid car, energy efficient building renovation, or the installation of photovoltaic panels. We find that the uptake of such subsidies is very popular among employees. The three main reasons for this are that 1) activities are well communicated and participation and uptake of subsidies is simple and non-bureaucratic, 2) offered emission reduction activities very much fit the profile and needs of employees, and 3) financial incentives are substantial and thus motivating to realize those activities. Yet, we also show that a large share of emission reduction activities would have been realized also without the extra incentive, which calls into question the additionality of many emission reductions. We therefore suggest that in order to ensure additionally of emission reductions in employees’ households, corporate programs may focus on subsidizing activities and green technologies which are not yet widespread. For example, activities such as highly efficient gasoline and diesel cars as well as carpooling have a high potential to reduce CO2-emissions and may be included in such corporate programs

The Current Climate and Energy Policy in the EU and in Switzerland

This working paper is to discuss policy instruments which would, in principle, lend themselves for a scale-up of employer-led incentive schemes. Given that such an implementation requires financial transfers, our focus is on project-based CO2-markets and direct subsidy schemes to end-consumers. Up to the present, only Switzerland has implemented a credit-based emissions trading scheme on the domestic level. While, currently, the Swiss regime does not provide for a potential pooling of small-scale reductions, extending the scheme accordingly would engender only low additional cost. Other eligible regulations are dominated rather by state-set incentives, like subsidies, directly provided to households. Such schemes would be suitable for a pass-through via the employer. Yet, such a redirection of subsidies via firms seems to be more difficult to be implemented from a political and legal perspective. Still, these programmes provide solid support for the presumption that financial transfers provided within an employer-led incentive scheme can considerably speed up switches toward the use of “greener” technologies within households

Development of a national medical leadership competency framework: The Dutch approach

Background: The concept of medical leadership (ML) can enhance physicians' inclusion in efforts for higher quality healthcare. Despite ML's spiking popularity, only a few countries have built a national taxonomy to facilitate ML competency education and training. In this paper we discuss the development of the Dutch ML competency framework with two objectives: to account for the framework's making and to complement to known approaches of developing such frameworks. Methods: We designed a research approach and analyzed data from multiple sources based on Grounded Theory. Facilitated by the Royal Dutch Medical Association, a group of 14 volunteer researchers met over a period of 2.5 years to perform: 1) literature review; 2) individual interviews; 3) focus groups; 4) online surveys; 5) international framework comparison; and 6) comprehensive data synthesis. Results: The developmental processes that led to the framework provided a taxonomic depiction of ML in Dutch perspective. It can be seen as a canonical 'knowledge artefact' created by a community of practice and comprises of a contemporary definition of ML and 12 domains, each entailing four distinct ML competencies. Conclusions: This paper demonstrates how a new language for ML can be created in a healthcare system. The success of our approach to capture insights, expectations and demands relating leadership by Dutch physicians depended on close involvement of the Dutch national medical associations and a nationally active community of practice; voluntary work of diverse researchers and medical practitioners and an appropriate research design that used multiple methods and strategies to circumvent reverberation of established opinions and conventionalisms. Implications: The experiences reported here may provide inspiration and guidance for those anticipating similar work in other countries to develop a tailored approach to create a ML framework

Activation and Deactivation of a Robust Immobilized Cp*Ir-Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyst: A Multielement in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study

A highly robust immobilized [Cp*IrCl2]2 precatalyst on Wang resin for transfer hydrogenation, which can be recycled up to 30 times, was studied using a novel combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Ir L3-edge, Cl K-edge, and K K-edge. These culminate in in situ XAS experiments that link structural changes of the Ir complex with its catalytic activity and its deactivation. Mercury poisoning and “hot filtration” experiments ruled out leached Ir as the active catalyst. Spectroscopic evidence indicates the exchange of one chloride ligand with an alkoxide to generate the active precatalyst. The exchange of the second chloride ligand, however, leads to a potassium alkoxide–iridate species as the deactivated form of this immobilized catalyst. These findings could be widely applicable to the many homogeneous transfer hydrogenation catalysts with Cp*IrCl substructure

Use of triazole-ring formation to attach a Ru/TsDPEN complex for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation to a soluble polymer

The cycloaddition of a chiral ligand containing a terminal alkyne to a soluble polymer containing an azide provides a convenient means for the attachment of an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyst to a soluble polymer support. Using these ligands in complexes with Ru(II), gave good results in terms of conversion and enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee) in ketone reduction reactions

Application of tethered ruthenium catalysts to asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, and the selective Hydrogenation of aldehydes

An improved method for the synthesis of tethered ruthenium(II) complexes of monosulfonylated diamines is described, together with their application to the hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes. The complexes were applied directly, in their chloride form, to asymmetric ketone hydrogenation, to give products in excess of 99% ee in the best cases, using 30 bar of hydrogen at 60 °C, and to the selective reduction of aldehydes over other functional groups