Application of Artificial Intelligence for Surface Roughness Prediction of Additively Manufactured Components

Additive manufacturing has gained significant popularity from a manufacturing perspective due to its potential for improving production efficiency. However, ensuring consistent product quality within predetermined equipment, cost, and time constraints remains a persistent challenge. Surface roughness, a crucial quality parameter, presents difficulties in meeting the required standards, posing significant challenges in industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, energy, optics, and electronics manufacturing, where surface quality directly impacts performance and functionality. As a result, researchers have given great attention to improving the quality of manufactured parts, particularly by predicting surface roughness using different parameters related to the manufactured parts. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the methods used by researchers to predict the surface quality of additively fabricated parts. Numerous research studies have developed models utilizing AI methods, including recent deep learning and machine learning approaches, which are effective in cost reduction and saving time, and are emerging as a promising technique. This paper presents the recent advancements in machine learning and AI deep learning techniques employed by researchers. Additionally, the paper discusses the limitations, challenges, and future directions for applying AI in surface roughness prediction for additively manufactured components. Through this review paper, it becomes evident that integrating AI methodologies holds great potential to improve the productivity and competitiveness of the additive manufacturing process. This integration minimizes the need for re-processing machined components and ensures compliance with technical specifications. By leveraging AI, the industry can enhance efficiency and overcome the challenges associated with achieving consistent product quality in additive manufacturing.publishedVersio

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Thyroid Incidentaloma among Adult People Attending Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Temesgen Tadesse1

BACKGROUND: Incidentally discovered thyroid lesions have become highly common in the development and more frequent utilization of highly sensitive imaging modalities, like ultrasound. However, little is known about its prevalence and associated factors in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas and associated factors through ultrasound (US) among adults attending Gondar University Hospital.METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 290 adults aged 15 years and above. Out of the adults who visited the hospital during the study, those who neither had history of thyroid disease, thyroid surgery, nor clinically palpable thyroid nodules were involved in the investigation. The participants were examined using a high frequency linear-array transducer (7MHz). For comparing men and women, the unpaired t-test wasused. Binary logistic analysis was used to identify the associated factors, and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULT: The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma was found to be 33.4% (95% CI: 27.9, 38.9). Thyroid incidentaloma was detected in 42.4% of the females and 22.7% of the males (P<0.001). About 63% had single and 37% multiple thyroid nodules. About 25.8% had thyroid nodules greater than 1cm. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, increasing age (AOR=5.96; 2.34, 15.15) and female sex (AOR=3.01; 1.73, 5.26) were significantly associated with thyroid incidentalomas.CONCLUSION: The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma (TI) was found to be high in this study and much higher among older women. Solitary and small sized thyroid nodules were commonly seen in the study.

Improved detection of abrupt change in vegetation reveals dominant fractional woody cover decline in Eastern Africa

While cropland expansion and demand for woodfuel exert increasing pressure on woody vegetation in East Africa, climate change is inducing woody cover gain. It is however unclear if these contrasting patterns have led to net fractional woody cover loss or gain. Here we used non-parametric fractional woody cover (WC) predictions and breakpoint detection algorithms driven by satellite observations (Landsat and MODIS) and airborne laser scanning to unveil the net fractional WC change during 2001-2019 over Ethiopia and Kenya. Our results show that total WC loss was 4-times higher than total gain, leading to net loss. The contribution of abrupt WC loss (59%) was higher than gradual losses (41%). We estimated an annual WC loss rate of up to 5% locally, with cropland expansion contributing to 57% of the total loss in the region. Major hotspots of WC loss and degradation corridors were identified inside as well as surrounding protected areas, in agricultural lands located close to agropastoral and pastoral livelihood zones, and near highly populated areas. As the dominant vegetation type in the region, Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecosystem was the most threatened, accounting 69% of the total WC loss, followed by montane forest (12%). Although highly outweighed by loss, relatively more gain was observed in woody savanna than in other ecosystems. These results reveal the marked impact of human activities on woody vegetation and highlight the importance of protecting endangered ecosystems from increased human activities for mitigating impacts on climate and supporting sustainable ecosystem service provision in East Africa.Peer reviewe

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Sisymbrium irio L. Seeds

Sisymbrium irio (Family: Cruciferae) is used in Unani medicine. The qualitative and quantitative analysis showed the presence of different types of bioactive secondary metabolites for instance phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, except reducing sugar and cardiac glycosides. The antioxidant activity was checked by DPPH and ABTS free radical trapping methods by using standards such as ascorbic acid and trolox. The methanol extract of the Indian variety of the seeds of Sisymbrium irio showed the highest antioxidant activity. The major pharmacological bioactive chemical compounds identified in different solvent extracts of Sisymbrium irio were characterized as : 2, 4- Di-tert-butylphenol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 3’, 5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone, γ -Tocopherol, Cholesterol, 1-Nonedecene, γ -Sitosterol, Ergot-5-en-ol, (3- Beta, 24R)-, 3- Methylcrotononitrile, 1, 2 - Cyclopentadi-one, 1, 3 - Cyclohexanedione, 4-Isothiocyanato-1-Butene, Isosorbide, Sinapic acid methyl ester, 1, E-8, Z-10-Pentadecatriene and 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) and GC-MS fatty acid profile of the cold pressed seeds oil of plant showed the presence of major fatty acids such as: Linolenic acid (36.29%), Linoleic acid (17.99%), Oleic acid (12.58%), Cis-11-Eicosanoic acid (9.2%), Erucic acid (9.19%) and Palmitic acid (6.66%).  The elemental analysis of the seeds showed the presence of magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, aluminium, silicon, barium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and lead

Determination of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Colchicum autumnale L. (Suranjanshireen)

In Unani System of Medicine Suranjanshireen (Colchicum autumnale L.) is primarily used for the treatment of arthritis, and it belongs to the family of Liliaceae. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of C. autumnale L. Anti-oxidant activity was done using 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test. The bioactive compounds of the extracts of C. autumnale were identified by GC-MS and UHPLC-QExactiveOrbitrap. Docking studies were carried out for anti-inflammatory activity.The subjective phytochemicals examination demonstrated the existence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids. Whereas the quantitative investigation indicated dichloromethane extract contains the maximum number of phenolic and flavonoids constituents and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. GC-MS, and UHPLC- QExactiveOrbitrap investigation of the extracts confirmed the existence of bioactive compounds. Docking analysis revealed that colchicoside (3 demethyl colchicine glucoside) inhibits IL-6 having binding energy -7.1 kcal/mol with an RMSD value of 0.00. Phytochemicals, antioxidant, GC-MS, UHPLC- QExactiveOrbitrap analysis and molecular docking results revealed that the compounds presented in C. autumnale L extracts were accountable for numerous therapeutic uses, for instance, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities

Determination of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Colchicum autumnale L. (Suranjanshireen)

52-60In Unani System of Medicine Suranjanshireen (Colchicum autumnale L.) is primarily used for the treatment of arthritis, and it belongs to the family of Liliaceae. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of C. autumnale L. Anti-oxidant activity was done using 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test. The bioactive compounds of the extracts of C. autumnale were identified by GC-MS and UHPLC-QExactiveOrbitrap. Docking studies were carried out for anti-inflammatory activity.The subjective phytochemicals examination demonstrated the existence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids. Whereas the quantitative investigation indicated dichloromethane extract contains the maximum number of phenolic and flavonoids constituents and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. GC-MS, and UHPLC- QExactiveOrbitrap investigation of the extracts confirmed the existence of bioactive compounds. Docking analysis revealed that colchicoside (3 demethyl colchicine glucoside) inhibits IL-6 having binding energy -7.1 kcal/mol with an RMSD value of 0.00. Phytochemicals, antioxidant, GC-MS, UHPLC- QExactiveOrbitrap analysis and molecular docking results revealed that the compounds presented in C. autumnale L extracts were accountable for numerous therapeutic uses, for instance, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package—a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87–2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91–1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79–3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63–2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8–39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact

Zoonotic tuberculosis in a high bovine tuberculosis burden area of Ethiopia

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide, caused by species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), with Mycobacterium tuberculosis being the dominant pathogen in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Zoonotic transmission of TB (zTB) to humans is frequent particularly where TB prevalence is high in cattle. In this study, we explored the prevalence of zTB in central Ethiopia, an area highly affected by bovine TB (bTB) in cattle.MethodA convenient sample of 385 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB, N = 287) and tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN, N = 98) were included in this cross-sectional study in central Ethiopia. Sputum and fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were obtained from patients with PTB and TBLN, respectively, and cultures were performed using BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960. All culture positive samples were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, targeting IS1081, RD9 and RD4 genomic regions for detection of MTBC, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty-five out of 385 sampled patients were culture positive and all were isolates identified as MTBC by being positive for the IS1081 assay. Among them, 249 (97.6%) samples had also a positive RD9 result (intact RD9 locus) and were consequently classified as M. tuberculosis. The remaining six (2.4%) isolates were RD4 deficient and thereby classified as M. bovis. Five out of these six M. bovis strains originated from PTB patients whereas one was isolated from a TBLN patient. Occupational risk and the widespread consumption of raw animal products were identified as potential sources of M. bovis infection in humans, and the isolation of M. bovis from PTB patients suggests the possibility of human-to-human transmission, particularly in patients with no known contact history with animals.ConclusionThe detected proportion of culture positive cases of 2.4% being M. bovis from this region was higher zTB rate than previously reported for the general population of Ethiopia. Patients with M. bovis infection are more likely to get less efficient TB treatment because M. bovis is inherently resistant to pyrazinamide. MTBC species identification should be performed where M. bovis is common in cattle, especially in patients who have a history of recurrence or treatment failure