46 research outputs found
Bubbles as tracers of heat input to cooling flows
We examine the distribution of injected energy in three-dimensional,
adaptive-grid simulations of the heating of cooling flows. We show that less
than 10 percent of the injected energy goes into bubbles. Consequently, the
energy input from the nucleus is underestimated by a factor of order 6 when it
is taken to be given by PVgamma/(gamma-1), where P and V are the pressure and
volume of the bubble, and gamma the ratio of principal specific heats.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 5 page
The Growth of Black Holes and Bulges at the Cores of Cooling Flows
Central cluster galaxies (cDs) in cooling flows are growing rapidly through
gas accretion and star formation. At the same time, AGN outbursts fueled by
accretion onto supermassive black holes are generating X-ray cavity systems and
driving outflows that exceed those in powerful quasars. We show that the
resulting bulge and black hole growth follows a trend that is roughly
consistent with the slope of the local (Magorrian) relation between bulge and
black hole mass for nearby quiescent ellipticals. However, a large scatter
suggests that cD bulges and black holes do not always grow in lock-step. New
measurements made with XMM, Chandra, and FUSE of the condensation rates in
cooling flows are now approaching or are comparable to the star formation
rates, alleviating the need for an invisible sink of cold matter. We show that
the remaining radiation losses can be offset by AGN outbursts in more than half
of the systems in our sample, indicating that the level of cooling and star
formation is regulated by AGN feedback.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, to appear in the proceedings of "Heating vs.
Cooling in Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies," edited by H. Boehringer, P.
Schuecker, G. W. Pratt, and A. Finogueno
AGN effect on cooling flow dynamics
We analyzed the feedback of AGN jets on cooling flow clusters using
three-dimensional AMR hydrodynamic simulations. We studied the interaction of
the jet with the intracluster medium and creation of low X-ray emission
cavities (Bubbles) in cluster plasma. The distribution of energy input by the
jet into the system was quantified in its different forms, i.e. internal,
kinetic and potential. We find that the energy associated with the bubbles, (pV
+ gamma pV/(gamma-1)), accounts for less than 10 percent of the jet energy.Comment: "Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Science
Metal-rich multi-phase gas in M87: AGN-driven metal transport, magnetic-field supported multi-temperature gas, and constraints on non-thermal emission observed with XMM-Newton
We use deep (~120 ks) XMM-Newton data of the M87 halo to analyze its
spatially resolved temperature structure and chemical composition. We focus
particularly on the regions of enhanced X-ray brightness associated with the
inner radio lobes, which are known not to be described very well by
single-temperature spectral models. Compared to a simple two-temperature fit,
we obtain a better and more physical description of the spectra using a model
that involves a continuous range of temperatures in each spatial bin. The range
of temperatures of the multiphase gas spans ~0.6-3.2 keV. Such a multiphase
structure is only possible if thermal conduction is suppressed by magnetic
fields. In the multi-temperature regions, we find a correlation between the
amount of gas cooler than the surrounding X-ray plasma and the metallicity, and
conclude that the cool gas is more metal-rich than the ambient halo. We
estimate the average Fe abundance of the cool gas to ~2.2 solar. Our results
thus point toward the key role of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in
transporting heavy elements into the intracluster medium. The abundance ratios
of O/Si/S/Fe in and outside the X-ray arms are similar, indicating that the
dominant fraction of metals in the gas halo was uplifted by AGN outbursts
relatively recently compared to the age of M87. Our estimate for the mass of
the cool gas is 5e8 M_sun, which probably stems from a mixture of ICM, stellar
mass loss, and Type Ia supernova products. ~30-110 Myr are required to produce
the observed metals in the cool gas. Finally, we put upper limits on possible
non-thermal X-ray emission from M87 and, combining it with the 90 cm radio
maps, we put lower limits of around ~0.5-1.0 muG on the magnetic field
strength.Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication in A&A. Some significant changes
following the referee repor
2-D Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Induced Plasma Dynamics in the Near-Core Region of a Galaxy Cluster
We present results from numerical simulations of the cooling-core cluster
A2199 produced by the two-dimensional (2-D) resistive magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD) code MACH2. In our simulations we explore the effect of anisotropic
thermal conduction on the energy balance of the system. The results from
idealized cases in 2-D axisymmetric geometry underscore the importance of the
initial plasma density in ICM simulations, especially the near-core values
since the radiation cooling rate is proportional to . Heat conduction
is found to be non-effective in preventing catastrophic cooling in this
cluster. In addition we performed 2-D planar MHD simulations starting from
initial conditions deliberately violating both thermal balance and hydrostatic
equilibrium in the ICM, to assess contributions of the convective terms in the
energy balance of the system against anisotropic thermal conduction. We find
that in this case work done by the pressure on the plasma can dominate the
early evolution of the internal energy over anisotropic thermal conduction in
the presence of subsonic flows, thereby reducing the impact of the magnetic
field. Deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium near the cluster core may be
associated with transient activity of a central active galactic nucleus and/or
remnant dynamical activity in the ICM and warrant further study in three
dimensions.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Hot gas flows on global and nuclear galactic scales
Since its discovery as an X-ray source with the Einstein Observatory, the hot
X-ray emitting interstellar medium of early-type galaxies has been studied
intensively, with observations of improving quality, and with extensive
modeling by means of numerical simulations. The main features of the hot gas
evolution are outlined here, focussing on the mass and energy input rates, the
relationship between the hot gas flow and the main properties characterizing
its host galaxy, the flow behavior on the nuclear and global galactic scales,
and the sensitivity of the flow to the shape of the stellar mass distribution
and the mean rotation velocity of the stars.Comment: 22 pages. Abbreviated version of chapter 2 of the book "Hot
Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies", Springer 201
Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants.<br /
Chaotic breccia along the Dent Fault, NW England: implosion or collapse of a fault void?
A body of chaotic breccia along the reverse-oblique Dent Fault zone is ascribed to hanging-wall collapse into persistent voids created by geometric mismatch of fault walls, although some implosion into transient voids is a possibility. The breccia comprises a 20 m wide body of hanging-wall lithologies, with a chaotic clast-supported fabric that contrasts with the fitted-fabric breccias typical of the Dent Fault damage zone. The breccia body has crude bedding defined by clast shape and size contrasts. The void fill is cut by Variscan fault strands, which, together with its ferroan calcite and barite cement, prove its late Carboniferous rather than recent age. It is shown that any fault void, transient or persistent, had a smaller aperture than the final width of the breccia body, and no more than 5 m; a span that can be supported to depths of 2 or 3 km. However, cement zonation in the breccia fill suggests that the void opened in multiple increments, each of an aperture compatible with the maximum displacement in any one event along the Dent Fault. The Dent Fault example highlights the possible general importance of fault-void collapse but also the problems in distinguishing it from implosion processes