La storia celata del trauma complesso. Una rassegna teorica tra realtà clinica e problemi diagnostici

Il presente contributo si propone di analizzare le difficoltà di riconoscimento e legittimazione, storicamente presenti nello studio del trauma psichico infantile, nonché di stimolare riflessioni aperte sulla possibilità che tali difficoltà siano ancora attuali. Recenti contributi sullo studio del disturbo traumatico dello sviluppo sottolineano infatti l’importanza degli aspetti relazionali e cumulativi nonché del momento evolutivo in cui il soggetto vive le proprie esperienze traumatiche

Effect of diets with different non-starch polysaccharides profiles on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth and appetite regulation

Plant feedstuffs are the most established alternative to fish meal in the feed industry but although being readily available and economically viable, the presence of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) might impair their use. Accounting the NSP profile of plant feedstuffs, a gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth trial was run testing five isolipidic and isoproteic plant feedstuffs-based diets with 30% inclusion levels of soybean rapeseed, sunflower, or a mixture of these ingredients (10% each), and a control diet with none of those ingredients. Growth and nutritional performance were assessed, and intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were estimated as an indicator of gut microbiota metabolism. Moreover, appetite- related gene expression was evaluated in the hypothalamus, stomach, liver, and anterior intestine. No mortality was recorded during the study, and no significant differences in growth parameters, feed utilization, body composition, and visceral somatic index were found among dietary treatments. Hepatosomatic index, lipid retention, and liver lipid composition results highlighted the role of dietary carbohydrates in liver lipid deposition, being significantly higher in fish fed the Control diet which possessed the highest starch level. Acetate was the only SCFA detected with significantly higher concentration in the gut content of fish fed the Sunflower and Mix diets than in fish fed the Control and Rapeseed diets. Regarding appetite- related gene expression in hypothalamus, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide presented the same expression across treatments. In liver and stomac significant differences were not detected for leptin and ghrelin expression, respectively. In the anterior intestine, despite cholecystokinin relative gene expression did not present significant difference, it underlined a similar trend to peptide YY where Soybean, Sunflower, and Mix diets presented significantly higher relative gene expression than in fish fed Control diet. In conclusion, gilthead seabream presented a good performance when fed the plant feedstuffs- based diets rich in dietary fiber and NSPs. The diverse plant feedstuffs-based mixtures affected specific metabolic pathways, and microbial metabolism potentially affected appetite-related gene expression.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future Research.

The origins of the major classes of current anti-emetics are examined. Serendipity is a recurrent theme in discovery of their anti-emetic properties and repurposing from one indication to another is a continuing trend. Notably, the discoveries have occurred against a background of company mergers and changing anti-emetic requirements. Major drug classes include: (i) Muscarinic receptor antagonists-originated from historical accounts of plant extracts containing atropine and hyoscine with development stimulated by the need to prevent sea-sickness among soldiers during beach landings; (ii) Histamine receptor antagonists-searching for replacements for the anti-malaria drug quinine, in short supply because of wartime shipping blockade, facilitated the discovery of histamine (H1) antagonists (e.g., dimenhydrinate), followed by serendipitous discovery of anti-emetic activity against motion sickness in a patient undergoing treatment for urticaria; (iii) Phenothiazines and dopamine receptor antagonists-investigations of their pharmacology as "sedatives" (e.g., chlorpromazine) implicated dopamine receptors in emesis, leading to development of selective dopamine (D2) receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone with poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier) as anti-emetics in chemotherapy and surgery; (iv) Metoclopramide and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) receptor antagonists-metoclopramide was initially assumed to act only via D2 receptor antagonism but subsequently its gastric motility stimulant effect (proposed to contribute to the anti-emetic action) was shown to be due to 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor agonism. Pre-clinical studies showed that anti-emetic efficacy against the newly-introduced, highly emetic, chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was due to antagonism at 5-HT3 receptors. The latter led to identification of selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., granisetron), a major breakthrough in treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis; (v) Neurokinin1receptor antagonists-antagonists of the actions of substance P were developed as analgesics but pre-clinical studies identified broad-spectrum anti-emetic effects; clinical studies showed particular efficacy in the delayed phase of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Finally, the repurposing of different drugs for treatment of nausea and vomiting is examined, particularly during palliative care, and also the challenges in identifying novel anti-emetic drugs, particularly for treatment of nausea as compared to vomiting. We consider the lessons from the past for the future and ask why there has not been a major breakthrough in the last 20 years

A view of the macrocosm of international cartel enforcement: how the boomerang of cross-border disclosure springs back to its domestic context

This article aims to explore Australia’s role on an international cartel enforcement stage increasingly characterised by cross-border disclosure challenges in both public and private cartel proceedings.The task will be approached from a number of perspectives, including that of claimants and leniency applicants, either of domestic or foreign origin, finding their way into the Australian courts and disclosure processes. The practice in other jurisdictions, such as the European Union and the United States, will be set against the Australian experience, again viewed through the international lens. This multilayered inquiry provides useful insights into what are ultimately the challenges of how best to accommodate the wider interplay between public and private enforcement. This inevitably raises the question whether the response provided to these challenges at national enforcement level in Australia is still adequate. Now, given the backdrop of the current Harper Review, might be a good time to consider this question