Sosialarbeidere i ungdomsskolen : en kvalitativ studie av ungdomsskoleelevers erfaringer med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen

Hensikten med denne studien er å utvikle kunnskap om og forståelse av ungdomsskoleelevers erfaringer med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen. Egen erfaring fra dette felt gjorde meg nysgjerrig på å undersøke videre sosialarbeiderens funksjon i ungdomsskolen, spesielt siden dette er et felt som det er lite forsket på fra før. Forskningsspørsmålet jeg vil undersøke er: Hvilke erfaringer har elever med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen og hvilken betydning tillegges denne kontakten for elevene? Presisert: Hvordan beskriver og forstår elevene hva som er viktig for dem i møtet med sosialarbeidere og hvordan mener elevene at dette møtet påvirker deres fungering faglig og sosialt. Oppgavens tema befinner seg i skjæringspunktet mellom tre kunnskapstemaer, ungdom, skole og sosialt arbeid. Undersøkelsen har et kvalitativt design og empirien bygger på intervjuer med åtte elever i ungdomsskolen og tre sosialarbeidere som er ansatt i ungdomsskolen. Symbolsk interaksjonisme og diskurser blir brukt som analyseverktøy i studien for å synliggjøre elevenes forståelse i situasjonen og undersøke betydningssystemer i samfunnet som påvirker denne forståelsen. Resultatene er organisert etter temaene; tid og rom, sosialarbeiderens væremåte og praksis, og endring. I oppgaven er sitater brukt for å belyse disse temaene. Studiens funn viser at informantene ikke oppfattet sosialarbeiderens rolle, kunnskaper og handlinger som en del av den pedagogiske forståelsesmåten/diskursen, men derimot som en egen integrert profesjon i skolehverdagen deres. Betydningen av sosialarbeiderprofesjonen ble konstruert i jevnalderfellesskapet og tilgjengligheten på skolen og den indirekte tilgjengligheten til det kommunale hjelpeapparatet ble poengtert. Elevene beskrev sosialarbeiderens profesjonalitet i praksis blant annet gjennom: nyanserte blikk, spørsmål som viste ekte interesse, en opplevelse av å være subjekt i relasjonen og veiledning i livskompetanse. I sine beskrivelser brukte de en del spennende metaforer både på sosialarbeideren og på prosessen mellom elev og sosialarbeider. De forsto sine vansker i en individualisert og terapeutisk diskurs og i aksen personen i situasjonen fokuserte de på personen. Alle informantene erfarte det som betydningsfullt og virksomt å samtale med sosialarbeideren. De mente at relasjonen hjalp dem til å kunne få det bedre med seg selv, til å ta riktige valg og konsentrere seg bedre om faglig læring. Uti fra elevenes fortellinger er ti sosialarbeiderpraksiser konstruert og beskrevet; mennesket i rommet, erfaringsmodellen, hestehviskeren, terapeuten, trygghetsskaperen, den aktive lytteren, samtalepartneren, veiviseren, konfliktløseren og terapeuten/pedagogen. Sosialarbeidere har vært ansatt i skolen siden 1980-tallet og antallet øker, men de kan fortsatt betraktes som en relativt ny yrkesgruppe i skolen. Resultatene i denne studien viser at sosialarbeidere har sin plass i skolen, at de har ”arbeidet” seg inn i skolen.The intention of this study is to develop knowledge and understanding of junior secondary school pupils`experience from their contact with the school`s social worker. My own experience in this field made me curious about the social worker` s function in junior secondary schools and made me want to inquire further into the matter, especially because this is a field where little research has been done. The question I want to look into is this: What kind of experience do pupils have from their contact with the school`s social worker, and what is the significance of this contact for the pupils? More precisely defined: How do the pupils describe and understand what is important to them in their contact with social workers, and how do the pupils find that this contact influence their professional and social skills. The theme of the paper is found in the point of intersection between the three themes of knowledge: youth, school and social work. The research has a qualitative design and the empiricism is based on interviews with eight junior school pupils and three social workers employed in the secondary modern school. Symbolic interactionism and discourse are used as analysing tools in the study to make visible the pupils` comprehension in the situation and to examine significant systems in society which influence this comprehension. The results are organized in the themes time and space, the social worker`s manner and operating method and alteration. In my paper quotations are used to illustrate these themes. The study`s discoveries show that the informants did not see the social worker`s role, knowledge and actions as part of the educational way of comprehension/discourse, but on the contrary as an integrated profession in their school day. The significance of the social worker`s profession was designed in a same age fellowship, and the accessability at school and the indirect accessability to local authority support were emphasized. The pupils described the the social worker`s professionality in practice among other things through: varied looks/glances, questions showing real interest, an experience of being the subject in the relation and guidance in competence of living. In their descriptions the pupils used some interesting metaphors both for the social worker and for the process between pupil and social worker. They understood their problems in an individualistic and therapeutic discourse, and in the axis person in the situation they focused on the person. All the informants found it important and effective to talk with the social worker. They felt that the relation helped them to get a better insight into their own lives, to make the right choices and to concentrate more on their learning. From the pupils`narratives ten social worker practices are designed and described: man in space, the empirical model, the horsewhisperer, the therapist, the confidence creator, the active listener, the interlocutor, the guide, the conflict solver and the therapist/educationist. Social workers have been employed in schools from the 1980-ties and the number grows, but they can still be seen as a relatively new occupational group in schools. The results of this study show that social workers have their place in schools, that they have «worked themselves» into the schools.Master i sosialt arbei

Pregnancy to postpartum transition of serum metabolites in women with gestational diabetes

Context Gestational diabetes is commonly linked to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a need to characterize metabolic changes associated with gestational diabetes in order to find novel biomarkers for T2DM. Objective To find potential pathophysiological mechanisms and markers for progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to T2DM by studying the metabolic transition from pregnancy to postpartum. Design The metabolic transition profile from pregnancy to postpartum was characterized in 56 women by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics; 11 women had gestational diabetes mellitus, 24 had normal glucose tolerance, and 21 were normoglycaemic but at increased risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Fasting serum samples collected during trimester 3 (gestational week 32 ± 0.6) and postpartum (10.5 ± 0.4 months) were compared in diagnosis-specific multivariate models (orthogonal partial least squares analysis). Clinical measurements (e.g., insulin, glucose, lipid levels) were compared and models of insulin sensitivity and resistance were calculated for the same time period. Results Women with gestational diabetes had significantly increased postpartum levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, and their circulating lipids did not return to normal levels after pregnancy. The increase in BCAAs occurred postpartum since the BCAAs did not differ during pregnancy, as compared to normoglycemic women. Conclusions Postpartum levels of specific BCAAs, notably valine, are related to gestational diabetes during pregnancy

A DHODH inhibitor increases p53 synthesis and enhances tumor cell killing by p53 degradation blockage

ML, CD, IvL, GP, TM, SD, MS, APF, CT, DL, MAH, KL and SL: project grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Society and the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation. MHi and JC: Cancer Research UK (C8/A6613). MC, EP and WE: Wellcome Trust (073915). MN and BV: projects MEYS-NPS-LO1413 and GACR P206/12/G151. EMC, MP, MMS, ZF and PG: Norwegian Cancer Society (182735, 732200) and Helse Vest (911884, 911789). RB and SC: NIH (R01 CA95684), the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and the Waxman Foundation. NW, AH, Ad’H: Cancer Research UK (C21383/A6950) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Doctoral Training Program. JL and YZ: Cancer Research UK (C240/A15751). MH and BW: SARomics Biostructures ABUY, KF: DDDP SciLife, Sweden. LJ, MHa, RS and A-LG: CBCS, Sweden. VP: SciLife fellowship. AT: Breast Cancer Research Scotland.The development of non-genotoxic therapies that activate wild-type p53 in tumors is of great interest since the discovery of p53 as a tumor suppressor. Here we report the identification of over 100 small-molecules activating p53 in cells. We elucidate the mechanism of action of a chiral tetrahydroindazole (HZ00), and through target deconvolution, we deduce that its active enantiomer (R)-HZ00, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The chiral specificity of HZ05, a more potent analog, is revealed by the crystal structure of the (R)-HZ05/DHODH complex. Twelve other DHODH inhibitor chemotypes are detailed among the p53 activators, which identifies DHODH as a frequent target for structurally diverse compounds. We observe that HZ compounds accumulate cancer cells in S-phase, increase p53 synthesis, and synergize with an inhibitor of p53 degradation to reduce tumor growth in vivo. We, therefore, propose a strategy to promote cancer cell killing by p53 instead of its reversible cell cycle arresting effect.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis : A new target in stroke?

Stroke is an acute insult to the central nervous system (CNS) that triggers a sequence of responses in the acute, subacute as well as later stages, with prominent involvement of astrocytes. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in the acute stage of stroke limit the tissue damage and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. Astrocytes also control many aspects of neural plasticity that is the basis for functional recovery. Here, we discuss the concept of intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) and the complement system as two handles on the astrocyte responses to injury that both present attractive opportunities for novel treatment strategies modulating astrocyte functions and reactive gliosis.Peer reviewe

Sosialarbeidere i ungdomsskolen : en kvalitativ studie av ungdomsskoleelevers erfaringer med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen

Hensikten med denne studien er å utvikle kunnskap om og forståelse av ungdomsskoleelevers erfaringer med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen. Egen erfaring fra dette felt gjorde meg nysgjerrig på å undersøke videre sosialarbeiderens funksjon i ungdomsskolen, spesielt siden dette er et felt som det er lite forsket på fra før. Forskningsspørsmålet jeg vil undersøke er: Hvilke erfaringer har elever med sin kontakt med sosialarbeideren på skolen og hvilken betydning tillegges denne kontakten for elevene? Presisert: Hvordan beskriver og forstår elevene hva som er viktig for dem i møtet med sosialarbeidere og hvordan mener elevene at dette møtet påvirker deres fungering faglig og sosialt. Oppgavens tema befinner seg i skjæringspunktet mellom tre kunnskapstemaer, ungdom, skole og sosialt arbeid. Undersøkelsen har et kvalitativt design og empirien bygger på intervjuer med åtte elever i ungdomsskolen og tre sosialarbeidere som er ansatt i ungdomsskolen. Symbolsk interaksjonisme og diskurser blir brukt som analyseverktøy i studien for å synliggjøre elevenes forståelse i situasjonen og undersøke betydningssystemer i samfunnet som påvirker denne forståelsen. Resultatene er organisert etter temaene; tid og rom, sosialarbeiderens væremåte og praksis, og endring. I oppgaven er sitater brukt for å belyse disse temaene. Studiens funn viser at informantene ikke oppfattet sosialarbeiderens rolle, kunnskaper og handlinger som en del av den pedagogiske forståelsesmåten/diskursen, men derimot som en egen integrert profesjon i skolehverdagen deres. Betydningen av sosialarbeiderprofesjonen ble konstruert i jevnalderfellesskapet og tilgjengligheten på skolen og den indirekte tilgjengligheten til det kommunale hjelpeapparatet ble poengtert. Elevene beskrev sosialarbeiderens profesjonalitet i praksis blant annet gjennom: nyanserte blikk, spørsmål som viste ekte interesse, en opplevelse av å være subjekt i relasjonen og veiledning i livskompetanse. I sine beskrivelser brukte de en del spennende metaforer både på sosialarbeideren og på prosessen mellom elev og sosialarbeider. De forsto sine vansker i en individualisert og terapeutisk diskurs og i aksen personen i situasjonen fokuserte de på personen. Alle informantene erfarte det som betydningsfullt og virksomt å samtale med sosialarbeideren. De mente at relasjonen hjalp dem til å kunne få det bedre med seg selv, til å ta riktige valg og konsentrere seg bedre om faglig læring. Uti fra elevenes fortellinger er ti sosialarbeiderpraksiser konstruert og beskrevet; mennesket i rommet, erfaringsmodellen, hestehviskeren, terapeuten, trygghetsskaperen, den aktive lytteren, samtalepartneren, veiviseren, konfliktløseren og terapeuten/pedagogen. Sosialarbeidere har vært ansatt i skolen siden 1980-tallet og antallet øker, men de kan fortsatt betraktes som en relativt ny yrkesgruppe i skolen. Resultatene i denne studien viser at sosialarbeidere har sin plass i skolen, at de har ”arbeidet” seg inn i skolen

Vårdpersonals attityder till personer med HIV/AIDS : En litteraturstudie

Validerat; 20120521 (anonymous

Further Development of Njord, a Statistical Instrument for Estimating International Installed Photovoltaic Capacities : A Customs Data Analysis

The global photovoltaic (PV) market is growing, contributing to reduced climate emissions from electricity production. Historically, PV deployment mainly occurred in developed and electrified countries with a high level of certainty over their electrical system. Recently, this trend has started to change, contributing to a more globally distributed PV market. In primarily two of the emerging markets, Africa and the Middle East, the statistical situation is weak or non-existent, making it hard to monitor and track the PV development. PV devices can be grid-connected or off-grid, installed in PV parks or in smaller household applications, which further complicates the monitoring. As a result, the best available statistics on these markets, provided by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), are to a major part based on estimations not built on any official data.  In a pilot study a instrument prototype, Njord, for converting monetary trade data of PV devices into installed PV capacities was initiated, with the aim to provide more accurate estimates for these markets. Njord is in this study further developed, by increasing its resolution and adjusting assumptions. Further, an additional conversion factor, namely PV module weight, is implemented to improve the accuracy of the predictions. The time frame of Njord is enlarged enabling estimates of accumulated capacities, in contrast to previously only annual installations. The instrument methodology is based on a bottom-up approach of processing import and export customs data, and converting the data to installed capacities using the price and weight of a PV module per wattage. In addition to the further development of Njord, the trade data is used to map and analyse monetary trade flows and thereby market values. Identified improvements concerned, among others, to adjust the percentage of PV modules in the customs code for countries without specific codes, and to fill data gaps with additional mirror data. The weight conversion factor was initially implemented as a parallel instrument to the price based. The two conversion factors were then combined into an instrument choosing the most suitable conversion factor with regards to a number of constraints. The instrument performance was validated against reference countries with well documented PV markets, qualitatively customs data, and small domestic PV manufacturing. For the reference countries and the comparative period of 2016 – 2018, the total deviations were improved from spanning 11.1 % – 17.0 % to 0.5 – 22.6 %. The best performance is seen for the most recent years of 2018 and 2019, with total deviations of 0.5 % and 4.1 % respectively. Njord shows high performance for estimating accumulated capacity, with a deviation of 4.3 % in the end of 2019. When applying Njord to the markets of interest, Africa and the Middle East, the results are significantly higher than the IRENA estimates, with a result of 118 % higher for Africa and 127 % higher for the Middle East. This indicates that the PV deployment in these emerging markets could be underestimated in today's statistical situation.  In combination with the instrument results, mapping trade flows has shown to give comprehensive information about the PV markets of interest and shows the potential of using trade data for this type of analysis. China distinguishes as the dominant trade partner for both Africa and the Middle East, in line with the global PV market. Although these markets are small relative the global PV context, there was in 2019 still a net import of PV modules of in total 879 million US$for Africa and 728 million US$ for the Middle East, and the markets are growing fast. Further, mapping trade flows has shown to identify manufacturing countries on the markets of interest, which there also is a lack of information on. The trade patterns and its inherent monetary values could be used to for example identify market development and business opportunities

Omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra kronisk smärta hos vuxna män och kvinnor : En systematisk litteraturöversikt

Validerat; 20110622 (anonymous