Aplicación de herramientas de planificación de operaciones y gestión de inventarios en empresas de servicios y distribuidoras

El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla el tema en torno a la aplicación de herramientas de planificación de operaciones y herramientas de gestión de inventarios en empresas del sector servicios y del sector distribución. La importancia de investigar la perspectiva de cómo es que herramientas del plano logístico manufacturero son adaptadas a organizaciones que no manejan los mismos tipos de recursos ni realizan las mismas actividades u operaciones, se encuentra en dar a conocer metodologías o combinaciones de propuestas de mejora con resultados beneficiosos que puedan ayudar a negocios de estos sectores a solucionar sus actuales problemas logísticos. Los supuestos teóricos en los que se sustenta la presente investigación son la recopilación de distintas literaturas de autores reconocidos, en los que se dedican capítulos a la explicación de metodologías a aplicar en casos de empresas prestadoras de servicios y distribuidoras. El contenido de la investigación analiza diez artículos de investigación a nivel Latinoamérica a través del siguiente método: dar contexto de la problemática del sector específico al que pertenece cada empresa, detallar el diagnóstico dado por los autores y describir el planteamiento de la mejora a partir de las herramientas utilizadas, para luego generar conclusiones respecto a los resultados. Finalmente, se concluye principalmente que, en definitiva, tanto las herramientas de diagnóstico como las de mejora (diagrama de Ishikawa, diagrama de Pareto, plan agregado, MRP, clasificación ABC, entre otros) generan un impacto realmente positivo en empresas que no necesariamente llevan procesos productivos o manufacturan a través de líneas de producción; sino que restaurantes, hoteles, almacenes de congeladoras, hospitales, distribuidores de acero, fumigadoras y diversas más, son beneficiadas gracias a que se les propusiera diagnosticar su situación actual para luego brindarles una solución logística.Trabajo de investigació

Propuesta arquitectónica de un centro de salud de categoría I-4 para Nicrupampa – Huaraz 2020

Esta investigación involucra a Nicrupampa – Huaraz- Ancash, la población se siente insatisfecha por la poca demanda de atención de salud frente a una infraestructura precaria, también la falta de equipamiento de salud y el poco interés de las autoridades hacen que la población no pueda acceder a los servicios básicos de salud y esto afecta al desarrollo del país. La prioridad es brindar un servicio de salud adecuado con espacios normativos y que se integren con áreas verdes y así mejorar la calidad de servicio. El objetivo es satisfacer la función de cada zona en cuanto a distribución y disminuir riesgos de pérdidas humanas, y así contribuir con la seguridad del paciente y cubrir las necesidades de los usuarios, que integre el uso de sistemas para obtener un mejor resultado en cuanto al factor climático del lugar. Como resultado se diseñó un centro de salud de tipo I-4, según la demografía, normativa utilizando la tipología de la zona, vegetación del lugar que ayudará a la integración del contexto así brindar satisfaciendo las necesidades de la población y mejorando la calidad de vida

T. brucei Infection Reduces B Lymphopoiesis in Bone Marrow and Truncates Compensatory Splenic Lymphopoiesis through Transitional B-Cell Apoptosis

African trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma brucei species are extracellular protozoan parasites that cause the deadly disease African trypanosomiasis in humans and contribute to the animal counterpart, Nagana. Trypanosome clearance from the bloodstream is mediated by antibodies specific for their Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat antigens. However, T. brucei infection induces polyclonal B cell activation, B cell clonal exhaustion, sustained depletion of mature splenic Marginal Zone B (MZB) and Follicular B (FoB) cells, and destruction of the B-cell memory compartment. To determine how trypanosome infection compromises the humoral immune defense system we used a C57BL/6 T. brucei AnTat 1.1 mouse model and multicolor flow cytometry to document B cell development and maturation during infection. Our results show a more than 95% reduction in B cell precursor numbers from the CLP, pre-pro-B, pro-B, pre-B and immature B cell stages in the bone marrow. In the spleen, T. brucei induces extramedullary B lymphopoiesis as evidenced by significant increases in HSC-LMPP, CLP, pre-pro-B, pro-B and pre-B cell populations. However, final B cell maturation is abrogated by infection-induced apoptosis of transitional B cells of both the T1 and T2 populations which is not uniquely dependent on TNF-, Fas-, or prostaglandin-dependent death pathways. Results obtained from ex vivo co-cultures of living bloodstream form trypanosomes and splenocytes demonstrate that trypanosome surface coat-dependent contact with T1/2 B cells triggers their deletion. We conclude that infection-induced and possibly parasite-contact dependent deletion of transitional B cells prevents replenishment of mature B cell compartments during infection thus contributing to a loss of the host's capacity to sustain antibody responses against recurring parasitemic waves

Comparison of widely used Listeria monocytogenes strains EGD, 10403S, and EGD-e highlights genomic differences underlying variations in pathogenicity

For nearly 3 decades, listeriologists and immunologists have used mainly three strains of the same serovar (1/2a) to analyze the virulence of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The genomes of two of these strains, EGD-e and 10403S, were released in 2001 and 2008, respectively. Here we report the genome sequence of the third reference strain, EGD, and extensive genomic and phenotypic comparisons of the three strains. Strikingly, EGD-e is genetically highly distinct from EGD (29,016 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and 10403S (30,296 SNPs), and is more related to serovar 1/2c than 1/2a strains. We also found that while EGD and 10403S strains are genetically very close (317 SNPs), EGD has a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator PrfA (PrfA*), leading to constitutive expression of several major virulence genes. We generated an EGD-e PrfA* mutant and showed that EGD behaves like this strain in vitro, with slower growth in broth and higher invasiveness in human cells than those of EGD-e and 10403S. In contrast, bacterial counts in blood, liver, and spleen during infection in mice revealed that EGD and 10403S are less virulent than EGD-e, which is itself less virulent than EGD-e PrfA*. Thus, constitutive expression of PrfA-regulated virulence genes does not appear to provide a significant advantage to the EGD strain during infection in vivo, highlighting the fact that in vitro invasion assays are not sufficient for evaluating the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes strains. Together, our results pave the way for deciphering unexplained differences or discrepancies in experiments using different L. monocytogenes strainsOver the past 3 decades, Listeria has become a model organism for host-pathogen interactions, leading to critical discoveries in a broad range of fields, including bacterial gene regulation, cell biology, and bacterial pathophysiology. Scientists studying Listeria use primarily three pathogenic strains: EGD, EGD-e, and 10403S. Despite many studies on EGD, it is the only one of the three strains whose genome has not been sequenced. Here we report the sequence of its genome and a series of important genomic and phenotypic differences between the three strains, in particular, a critical mutation in EGD’s PrfA, the main regulator of Listeria virulence. Our results show that the three strains display differences which may play an important role in the virulence differences observed between the strains. Our findings will be of critical relevance to listeriologists and immunologists who have used or may use Listeria as a tool to study the pathophysiology of listeriosis and immune responsesThis work received financial support from the European Research Council (advanced grant 233348), the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grants BACNET 10-BINF-02-01, IBEID ANR-10-LABX-62-01, and ERA-NET ANR-2010-PATH), the Institut Pasteur, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. A.K. is a recipient of a scholarship from the Pasteur-Paris University International Doctoral Program/Institut Carnot Maladies Infectieuse

A Novel Therapy for Melanoma Developed in Mice: Transformation of Melanoma into Dendritic Cells with Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacteria and human pathogen widely used in cancer immunotherapy because of its capacity to induce a specific cytotoxic T cell response in tumours. This bacterial pathogen strongly induces innate and specific immunity with the potential to overcome tumour induced tolerance and weak immunogenicity. Here, we propose a Listeria based vaccination for melanoma based in its tropism for these tumour cells and its ability to transform in vitro and in vivo melanoma cells into matured and activated dendritic cells with competent microbicidal and antigen processing abilities. This Listeria based vaccination using low doses of the pathogen caused melanoma regression by apoptosis as well as bacterial clearance. Vaccination efficacy is LLO dependent and implies the reduction of LLO-specific CD4+ T cell responses, strong stimulation of innate pro-inflammatory immune cells and a prevalence of LLO-specific CD8+ T cells involved in tumour regression and Listeria elimination. These results support the use of low doses of pathogenic Listeria as safe melanoma therapeutic vaccines that do not require antibiotics for bacterial removal

The Role of B-cells and IgM Antibodies in Parasitemia, Anemia, and VSG Switching in Trypanosoma brucei–Infected Mice

African trypanosomes are extracellular parasitic protozoa, predominantly transmitted by the bite of the haematophagic tsetse fly. The main mechanism considered to mediate parasitemia control in a mammalian host is the continuous interaction between antibodies and the parasite surface, covered by variant-specific surface glycoproteins. Early experimental studies have shown that B-cell responses can be strongly protective but are limited by their VSG-specificity. We have used B-cell (µMT) and IgM-deficient (IgM−/−) mice to investigate the role of B-cells and IgM antibodies in parasitemia control and the in vivo induction of trypanosomiasis-associated anemia. These infection studies revealed that that the initial setting of peak levels of parasitemia in Trypanosoma brucei–infected µMT and IgM−/− mice occurred independent of the presence of B-cells. However, B-cells helped to periodically reduce circulating parasites levels and were required for long term survival, while IgM antibodies played only a limited role in this process. Infection-associated anemia, hypothesized to be mediated by B-cell responses, was induced during infection in µMT mice as well as in IgM−/− mice, and as such occurred independently from the infection-induced host antibody response. Antigenic variation, the main immune evasion mechanism of African trypanosomes, occurred independently from host antibody responses against the parasite's ever-changing antigenic glycoprotein coat. Collectively, these results demonstrated that in murine experimental T. brucei trypanosomiasis, B-cells were crucial for periodic peak parasitemia clearance, whereas parasite-induced IgM antibodies played only a limited role in the outcome of the infection

Characterizations of B lymphocyte responses during infection with African trypanosomes

Host control of Trypanosoma brucei infections relies on adequate B cell mediated responses including anti-VSG antibody responses. Trypanotolerant animals, namely; Cape buffalo maintain anti-trypanosome specific antibody responses throughout infection. Studies in mice, however; show a failure to maintain adequate antibody responses to trypanosomes as well as a failure to generate subsequent specific responses to antigens. T. brucei infections in mice result in the loss of mature conventional B cell subsets presumed to be important in host control of the parasites including marginal zone B cells and follicular B cells. Mature cell subset losses are coupled with plasma cell expansion early during infection. Mature B cell pools are not replenished as there is a loss of transitional cells due in part to higher levels of apoptosis and a failure to replenish these cells from bone marrow. B1 B cells appear to constitute the majority of plasma cells and resist infection induced losses to a greater extant than B2 B cells

Diagnóstico y propuesta de mejora utilizando herramientas de planificación y control de las operaciones, metodología 5S y estandarización del trabajo en una MYPE que brinda servicios de baños de hipertermia

En los últimos 10 años se ha percibido un incremento en la preferencia por la medicina complementaria en la capital; ya que en artículos provenientes de revistas de medicina peruana se comprueba que la población limeña va apostando por tratamientos diferentes a la medicina tradicional para curar sus enfermedades, tendiendo a disminuir el consumo de los medicamentos convencionales prescritos (López et al., 2016). En base a lo expuesto, el presente trabajo de tesis nace a partir de la necesidad de impulsar a una empresa familiar limeña que brinda servicios de medicina alternativa, la cual viene funcionando desde hace más de 25 años a base de conocimientos transmitidos generacionalmente. Sin embargo, su vasta trayectoria no ha contemplado el uso de herramientas de ingeniería y gestión de procesos que potencien su funcionamiento. Este es el escenario en el cual a través del uso de herramientas de diagnóstico, mejora continua, investigación de operaciones y planeamiento de las operaciones se buscará aumentar la productividad operativa de la empresa bajo la premisa de demanda insatisfecha y la ineficiente utilización de los recursos (tiempo y materiales). Como conclusiones del trabajo de tesis se tiene que, gracias a la aplicación integrada de 2 herramientas de mejora: Lean y Planificación de Operaciones, se consiguieron reducciones en los tiempos de servicio de 2 subprocesos, “preparar ambiente” y “realizar envoltura” al 39% y 18% respectivamente. Asimismo, como consecuencia de la implementación de un sistema de pronósticos de demanda, las proyecciones de materia prima tendrán un error MAPE reducido (2%); y, finalmente, la cuantificación del CTI a través de la herramienta MRP permitirá una ordenada gestión de las compras de ahora en adelante. La evaluación económica indica un TIR de 27.78% (mayor al COK de 20%) y un VAN positivo de S/5,365.31; por lo cual se concluye que es viable y recomendable invertir en este proyecto

[Carta de Demichelis Giacomo al Director de "La Guirnalda" (2 de octubre de 1880, Italia)]

Copia digital. España : Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 202