Velhice, envelhecimento, e eugenia na Colômbia. Considerações históricas

The article is associated with the research of the Faculty Hum 2033, “Old age and the process of aging”. The methodology of the research is a documentary, an interpretative because documents of XIX and XX centuries were studied. Documents that have speeches about the degeneration of the Colombian race, either aging orsickness and race, weather and culture.This research finds that Colombia has been one of the first countries in the world to enact eugenic standards (1917) long before even Germany, which began with the eugenic standards with Hitler since 1931. These eugenic ideas planted by Darwin and Galton (1890) in the Colombian academics, had an enormous importance in Colombia. They sowed in the culture and idiosyncrasy of the ordinary citizen seeds of discrimination towards neighbors, based on skin color, age, disability, gender, religion, race, political beliefs and other aspects.Este artículo es derivado de la Investigación Hum 2033 “Vejez y envejecimiento consideraciones biopolíticas”. La metodología de la investigación es documental, se realizó un análisis histórico interpretativo, en el que se estudiaron los principales documentos del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, que contienen los discursos sobre el degeneramiento de la raza colombiana, ya sea por vejez o por enfermedad y condiciones de color, clima y cultura. Se encontró en esta búsqueda que Colombia ha sido uno de los primeros países del mundo en promulgar normas eugenésicas (1917) mucho antes incluso que Alemania, que empezó con la normatividad eugenésica con Hitler en 1931. Esas ideas eugenésicas de Darwin y Galton (1890) han tenido una trascendencia enorme en Colombia, porque sembraron en la cultura y la idiosincrasia del ciudadano colombiano la semilla de la discriminación contra su prójimo por razones de edad, raza, condiciones de enfermedad, discapacidad, sexo, ideas políticas y otros aspectos que introdujeron de manera directa los discursos de la “degeneración” de principios de siglo que serán analizados a continuación.Este artigo é derivado da pesquisa Hum 2033 intitulado Vejez y envejecimiento: consideraciones biopolíticas. A metodologia da pesquisa é analítica e interpretativa, já que se estudaram documentos do século XIX e inícios do século XX, que contém os discursos sobre a degeneração da raça colombiana, seja por velhice ou por doença e condições de cor, clima e cultura. Foi encontrado nesta busca que Colômbia tem sido um dos primeiros países do mundo em promulgar normas eugênicas (1917) muito antes de até mesmo que a Alemanha, que começou com as normas eugênicas com Hitler em 1931. Essas ideias eugênicas que foram plantadas nos acadêmicos colombianos por Darwin e Galton (1890) tiveram grande importância na Colômbia, porque espalharam na cultura e na idiossincrasia do cidadão colombiano a semente de discriminação contra o seu próximo por causa da idade, raça, doença, deficiência, sexo, ideias políticas

Medicina e direito, o controle da vida e morte do indivíduo desde a norma

This article develops the idea of how Law in general is everywhere one looks at. It makes a part of every single aspect of life, death, and everything in between: Everything is somehow juridicized even before we are born: Illness, life, death, medical treatments and the ethical positions of the medical doctors before their patients. What is the convenience that imperfect people with particular interests make laws that regulate every single aspect of our lives and deaths, such as the case of euthanasia? Could somehow ethics or bioethics, be more appropriate to regulate the discussion in the cases of relevant importance of biojuridical and biopolitical scenarios?Este artículo desarrolla la idea de cómo el Derecho hace parte de absolutamente todos los estadios en la vida de un individuo; todo, en relación con la vida, la muerte y lo que sucede en el intermedio está reglado por el Derecho. Todo está juridizado por el derecho, a través de normas: la vida y la muerte, la enfermedad, los tratamientos médicos y las posiciones éticas que debe asumir el médico frente a su paciente. Cuál es la conveniencia de que personas imperfectas que hacen las normas con intereses particulares y teniendo que pagar a quienes los subieron al poder diversos tipos de favores, sean quienes propongan los procedimientos y decisiones que deben tomarse en casos de vital importancia en la vida de las personas, como por ejemplo el caso de la eutanasia? Podría la ética o la bioética tener mayor relevancia en los casos importantes en donde la norma que regula la gerencia de la vida (biojurídica) se queda corta sobre todo en las discusiones biopolíticas?Este artigo desenvolve a idéia de como a lei faz parte de absolutamente todas as fases na vida de um indivíduo, particularmente em relação à vida, morte eo que acontece no meio é regulamentada por lei. Tudo é judicializado por lei, através de regras: vida e morte, doenças, tratamentos médicos e posições éticas que devem assumir o médico na frente de seu paciente. Qual é o interesse de pessoas imperfeitas que fazem as regras com interesses particulares e ter que pagar para aqueles que chegaram ao poder vários tipos de favores, são defensores dos procedimentos e decisões a serem tomadas em casos de importância vital na vida do indivíduos, como para a eutanásia? Could ética ou bioética tem maior relevância em casos importantes em que a regra que regula a gestão da vida (biojurídica) está aquém, especialmente nas discussões bio-políticos

Bioética transplante de órgãos, e direito penal na Colômbia

This Article presents the main subject of criminal law which transcends the theory of organ transplantation and the bioethical implications of same. In the same way establishes some of the principal criteria related with the bioethical debate around the problem of donation and organ transplantation, in subjects such as encephalic death informed consent, justice and distribution, Xeno transplantation, embrionary cloning, among others. Subsequently, the situation of the practices of organ transplantation in the field of Latin America, analyzing the state of these activities according to the registries of Latin American and Caribbean Transplant Society (STALYC).Este artículo presenta los lineamientos del Derecho Penal que trascienden los conceptos de trasplantes de órganos y las implicaciones Bioéticas de los mismos. Del mismo modo se establecen algunos de los principales criterios relacionados con el debate bioético en torno al problema de la Donación y Trasplante de Órganos, problemas relacionados con temas como la Muerte Encefálica, el consentimiento informado, Justicia y Distribución, los Xenotrasplantes y la Clonación Embrionaria entre otros.Este artigo apresenta as diretrizes do Direito Penal que transcendem os conceitos de transplantes de órgãos e implicações bioéticas do mesmo. Da mesma forma estabelece alguns dos principais critérios relacionados ao debate bioético sobre a questão da Doação e Transplante de Órgãos, problemas relacionados a temas como morte cerebral, o consentimento informado, da Justiça e Distribuição, xenotransplante e clonagem de embriões e outro

Resarcimiento Patrimonial al Estado y acción fiscal

With the purpose of obtaining the patrimonial compensation to the State, through fiscal action, arises the question of whether or not the Fiscal Control unit is competent to determine fiscal responsibility when an individual right by means of a particular and concrete administrative act is recognized. This is because the same act enjoys of presumption of legality unless and until the judge does not order its suspension or declares the invalidity of the same.Con la finalidad de lograr el resarcimiento patrimonial al Estado, a través de la acción fiscal, surge la inquietud sobre la competencia del Órgano de Control Fiscal para determinar responsabilidad fiscal cuando se reconoce un derecho individual mediante un acto administrativo particular y concreto, en razón a que el mismo goza de presunción de legalidad y eficacia jurídica que obliga a su cumplimiento hasta tanto el juez contencioso administrativo no ordene su suspensión o declare la nulidad del mismo.Como el proceso de responsabilidad fiscal tiene por objeto el resarcimiento del daño patrimonial causado al Estado, en desarrollo de actos de gestión fiscal, se genera una controversia jurídica cuando la Contraloría General considera que el reconocimiento del derecho, como una pensión, una prima o bonificación, es contraria a normas superiores y reglamentarias, catalogando el reconocimiento patrimonial como daño fiscal para determinar y establecer la responsabilidad fiscal, desconociendo que el acto administrativo continua produciendo sus efectos jurídicos mientras el juez competente no disponga lo contrario

The search for the perfect race: ideas on procreation, old age and eugenics

Objetivo. El presente artículo se deriva de la investigación “Dilemas éticos para la toma de decisiones en tiempos de guerra”, la cual responde a los lineamientos y metas de la línea de investigación en ‘Biopolítica’ del Doctorado en Bioética de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada; línea de investigación que tiene como objetivos buscar e indagar sobre los dilemas éticos en la toma de decisiones en tiempos de guerra. Metodología. La metodología fue un análisis histórico interpretativo de la tendencia a buscar la raza perfecta, lo que se conoce como prácticas eugenésicas, esto se busca especialmente en tiempos de guerra, y sus consecuencias para la sociedad. Resultados y conclusiones. Dentro de los dilemas éticos en tiempos de guerra, se analizarán decisiones en el III Reich”; dentro de los dilemas éticos del principio de la vida está la eugenesia como tendencia a perfeccionar la raza a costa incluso de la eliminación de los enfermos, los viejos, los individuos con necesidades especiales mentales y físicas. Este artículo expone el tratamiento de las ideas de eugenesia en el Tercer Reich, durante la época de Adolfo Hitler en el poder.Objective. This article is derived from the “Ethical dilemmas for decision-making in wartime.” research Project which responds to the guidelines and goals of the research line in ‘Bio-politics’ from the Doctorate program in Bioethics at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, a line of research that aims to find and investigate the ethical dilemmas for decision-making in wartime. Methodology. The methodology was an interpretative historical analysis of the tendency to search for the perfect race which is known as eugenic practices this seeks especially in wartime. Results and conclusions. Decisions taken during the thrid Reich are analyzed. Eugenics, as a tendency to perfect the race even at the cost of eliminating the sick, the elderly, the individuals with mental and physical special needs, is part of the ethical dilemmas of the beginning of life. This article discusses the treatment of the ideas of eugenics in the Third Reich during Adolf Hitler’s time in power

Comprehensive establishment and characterization of orthoxenograft mouse models of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for personalized medicine

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft-tissue sarcomas that can arise either sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These aggressive malignancies confer poor survival, with no effective therapy available. We present the generation and characterization of five distinct MPNST orthoxenograft models for preclinical testing and personalized medicine. Four of the models are patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTX), two independent MPNSTs from the same NF1 patient and two from different sporadic patients. The fifth model is an orthoxenograft derived from an NF1-related MPNST cell line. All MPNST orthoxenografts were generated by tumor implantation, or cell line injection, next to the sciatic nerve of nude mice, and were perpetuated by 7-10 mouse-to-mouse passages. The models reliably recapitulate the histopathological properties of their parental primary tumors. They also mimic distal dissemination properties in mice. Human stroma was rapidly lost after MPNST engraftment and replaced by murine stroma, which facilitated genomic tumor characterization. Compatible with an origin in a catastrophic event and subsequent genome stabilization, MPNST contained highly altered genomes that remained remarkably stable in orthoxenograft establishment and along passages. Mutational frequency and type of somatic point mutations were highly variable among the different MPNSTs modeled, but very consistent when comparing primary tumors with matched orthoxenografts generated. Unsupervised cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) using an MPNST expression signature of ~1,000 genes grouped together all primary tumor-orthoxenograft pairs. Our work points to differences in the engraftment process of primary tumors compared with the engraftment of established cell lines. Following standardization and extensive characterization and validation, the orthoxenograft models were used for initial preclinical drug testing. Sorafenib (a BRAF inhibitor), in combination with doxorubicin or rapamycin, was found to be the most effective treatment for reducing MPNST growth. The development of genomically well-characterized preclinical models for MPNST allowed the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies for personalized medicine

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat