13 research outputs found
Studying tensions between imaginary spaces and concrete places: the method of paired biographies applied to scientists' laboratory lives
Spaces and places are at the center of the science studies scholarship. Some scholars focus on the spatial circulation of written traces; others focus on the socio-cultural hierarchies reflected in the spatial organization of the laboratories. But most privilege single-case studies as their research method. While single-case studies offer the advantage of providing rich and detailed ethnographic description of spaces, they often fail to explain how imaginary spaces of science are turned into concrete social settings, often with unexpected deviations from their creatorsâ initial purposes. This paper argues that a comparative approach, which I call âpaired biographies,â can help us study the tensions between imaginary and real spaces of science. This method of paired biographies is applied here to trace the attempts (both failed and successful) by two prominent physicists (J.R. Oppenheimer and E.O. Lawrence) to turn their imaginary scientific spaces into concrete places. This comparative approach, based upon paired biographies of various laboratory lives taken at different points in time, highlights the tensions between imaginary spaces of science and concrete architectural forms (themselves located in broader environments), and shows which unexpected outcomes derive from these tensions
Gift Exchange
Since Marcel Mauss published his foundational essay The Gift in 1925, many anthropologists and specialists of international relations have seen in the exchange of gifts, debts, loans, concessions or reparations the sources of international solidarity and international law. Still, Maussâs reflections were deeply tied to the context of interwar Europe and the French colonial expansion. Their normative dimension has been profoundly questioned after the age of decolonization. A century after Mauss, we may ask: what is the relevance of his ideas on gift exchanges and international solidarity? By tracing how Maussâs theoretical and normative ideas inspired prominent thinkers and government officials in France and Algeria, from Pierre Bourdieu to Mohammed Bedjaoui, Gregoire Mallard adds a building block to our comprehension of the role that anthropology, international law, and economics have played in shaping international economic governance from the age of European colonization to the latest European debt crisis
Recommended from our members
Beyond blind faith: overcoming the obstacles to interdisciplinary evaluation
This paper examines how panelists serving on interdisciplinary funding panels produce evaluations they perceive as fair, drawing on 81 interviews with panelists serving on multidisciplinary fellowship competitions. We identify how peer reviewers define âgoodâ interdisciplinary proposals and the rules they follow: respect for disciplinary sovereignty, deference to expertise and methodological pluralism. These rules ensure the preponderance of the voices of experts over non-experts. Panelists also adopt strategies to make other reviewers who lack expertise trust that their judgments are disinterested and unbiased, while reviewers who lack expertise are not afraid to make decisions based on idiosyncratic tastes rather than substantive quality.Sociolog
Gift Exchange
Since Marcel Mauss published his foundational essay The Gift in 1925, many anthropologists and specialists of international relations have seen in the exchange of gifts, debts, loans, concessions or reparations the sources of international solidarity and international law. Still, Maussâs reflections were deeply tied to the context of interwar Europe and the French colonial expansion. Their normative dimension has been profoundly questioned after the age of decolonization. A century after Mauss, we may ask: what is the relevance of his ideas on gift exchanges and international solidarity? By tracing how Maussâs theoretical and normative ideas inspired prominent thinkers and government officials in France and Algeria, from Pierre Bourdieu to Mohammed Bedjaoui, Gregoire Mallard adds a building block to our comprehension of the role that anthropology, international law, and economics have played in shaping international economic governance from the age of European colonization to the latest European debt crisis
The Fractal Process of European Integration: The Fractal Process of European Integration
Les sciences humaines et sociales face à la premiÚre vague de la pandémie de Covid-19 -Enjeux et formes de la recherche
Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a question and an object of knowledge (A - From the framing of the crisis in the public space to the crisis as an object of knowledge - the example of France). The second addresses a salient point of the analyses developed over the last few months, which consider the pandemic as a revealer, or even an amplifier of pre-existing issues (B). Then, the third part looks at the societies and governments confronted with the pandemic (C), in other words, the forms of crisis management by the political power, the mobilization of science and the exercise of power, as well as the measures taken and the attitudes of the populations with regard to these measures. The fourth part presents the way in which the time of the pandemic has been characterized by questions about the future, questions which in turn give rise to orientations for HSS research (D. Reinventing ourselves in times of pandemic). Finally, the fifth and last part invites the reader to discover how the HHS involved itself in times of pandemic, how they collaborated together and undertook to document the health crisis in the heat of the moment, while accepting to consider new questions, and adopt new methods under the effect of this crisis (E. When the crisis invites collaboration and reflection on the "transfer" of knowledge).La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Ă qui lâon pose rĂ©guliĂšrement la question de son « utilitĂ© », a Ă©tĂ© massivement mobilisĂ©e dans la premiĂšre partie de lâannĂ©e 2020, tant par les mĂ©dias et les institutions. Elle sâest montrĂ©e dâune grande rĂ©activitĂ©, en adaptant ses calendriers et ses objectifs, en modifiant ses formats dâinterventions (wĂ©binaires, cours en distanciel). Chercheuses et chercheurs, enseignant(e)s-chercheurs ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©sents, et ce malgrĂ© des inĂ©galitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par le confinement dans le travail de recherche, notamment en termes de genre. Le prĂ©sent travail a pour ambition de proposer Ă son lecteur une analyse mobilisant les travaux des SHS dans leur ensemble. Sans prĂ©tendre Ă lâexhaustivitĂ©, il tisse les fils, Ă travers les questions quâil aborde, dâune discipline Ă une autre, composant un ensemble dans lequel les SHS entrent en rĂ©sonance les unes avec les autres, dĂ©ploient leur complĂ©mentaritĂ©, et crĂ©ent une analyse commune, quâelles relĂšvent plutĂŽt des sciences sociales ou des humanitĂ©s. Il a pour objectif de rendre manifeste un capital scientifique des SHS en tant que telles, pour aborder les diffĂ©rents questionnements que suscite la pandĂ©mie de Covid-19. La recherche actuelle en SHS sur la pandĂ©mie, sa gestion politique, et ses enjeux, ne sâĂ©labore pas ex nihilo. Tout en prenant la mesure de la spĂ©cificitĂ© des temps prĂ©sents, elle sâappuie sur un ensemble de cadres thĂ©oriques, de mĂ©thodes, dâanalyses Ă©laborĂ©s dans dâautres contextes, remobilisĂ©s, rĂ©actualisĂ©s, enrichis Ă la lumiĂšre des problĂ©matiques associĂ©es Ă la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19. Par ailleurs, le parti-pris de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenir compte dâemblĂ©e de la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie, et de ne pas sâen tenir Ă la situation française. Ainsi, plusieurs contextes nationaux, voire continentaux sont explorĂ©s sur tel ou tel point et la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie y est prise en compte en tant que telle. Enfin, ce document sâintĂ©resse aussi Ă la maniĂšre mĂȘme dont les sciences humaines et sociales se sont mobilisĂ©es, en France, dans le contexte de la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19, aux formes collaboratives, aux pratiques pluridisciplinaires particuliĂšrement adoptĂ©es face Ă cette pandĂ©mie. Il se structure en cinq parties : la premiĂšre porte sur la maniĂšre dont les SHS font de la crise une question et un objet de connaissance (A â Du cadrage de la crise dans lâespace public Ă la crise comme objet de connaissance - lâexemple de la France). La seconde aborde un point saillant des analyses Ă©laborĂ©es au cours des derniers mois, qui envisagent la pandĂ©mie comme un rĂ©vĂ©lateur, voire un amplificateur dâenjeux prĂ©-existants (B). Puis, la troisiĂšme partie sâintĂ©resse aux sociĂ©tĂ©s et aux gouvernements confrontĂ©s Ă la pandĂ©mie (C), autrement dit aux formes de la gestion de la crise par le pouvoir politique, Ă la mobilisation des sciences et Ă lâexercice du pouvoir, ainsi quâaux mesures prises et aux attitudes des populations au regard de ces mesures. La quatriĂšme partie prĂ©sente la façon dont le temps de la pandĂ©mie a Ă©tĂ© traversĂ© de questionnements pour le futur, questionnements qui Ă leur tour impriment des orientations pour la recherche en SHS (D. Se rĂ©inventer en temps de pandĂ©mie). Enfin, la cinquiĂšme et derniĂšre partie invite le lecteur Ă dĂ©couvrir comment les SHS se sont mobilisĂ©es en temps de pandĂ©mie, comment elles ont collaborĂ© et entrepris de documenter Ă chaud la crise sanitaire tout en acceptant de voir se renouveler questions, objets, mĂ©thodes sous lâeffet de cette crise (E. Quand la crise invite aux collaborations et Ă une rĂ©flexion sur le « transfert » des connaissances)
Les sciences humaines et sociales face à la premiÚre vague de la pandémie de Covid-19 -Enjeux et formes de la recherche
Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a question and an object of knowledge (A - From the framing of the crisis in the public space to the crisis as an object of knowledge - the example of France). The second addresses a salient point of the analyses developed over the last few months, which consider the pandemic as a revealer, or even an amplifier of pre-existing issues (B). Then, the third part looks at the societies and governments confronted with the pandemic (C), in other words, the forms of crisis management by the political power, the mobilization of science and the exercise of power, as well as the measures taken and the attitudes of the populations with regard to these measures. The fourth part presents the way in which the time of the pandemic has been characterized by questions about the future, questions which in turn give rise to orientations for HSS research (D. Reinventing ourselves in times of pandemic). Finally, the fifth and last part invites the reader to discover how the HHS involved itself in times of pandemic, how they collaborated together and undertook to document the health crisis in the heat of the moment, while accepting to consider new questions, and adopt new methods under the effect of this crisis (E. When the crisis invites collaboration and reflection on the "transfer" of knowledge).La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Ă qui lâon pose rĂ©guliĂšrement la question de son « utilitĂ© », a Ă©tĂ© massivement mobilisĂ©e dans la premiĂšre partie de lâannĂ©e 2020, tant par les mĂ©dias et les institutions. Elle sâest montrĂ©e dâune grande rĂ©activitĂ©, en adaptant ses calendriers et ses objectifs, en modifiant ses formats dâinterventions (wĂ©binaires, cours en distanciel). Chercheuses et chercheurs, enseignant(e)s-chercheurs ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©sents, et ce malgrĂ© des inĂ©galitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par le confinement dans le travail de recherche, notamment en termes de genre. Le prĂ©sent travail a pour ambition de proposer Ă son lecteur une analyse mobilisant les travaux des SHS dans leur ensemble. Sans prĂ©tendre Ă lâexhaustivitĂ©, il tisse les fils, Ă travers les questions quâil aborde, dâune discipline Ă une autre, composant un ensemble dans lequel les SHS entrent en rĂ©sonance les unes avec les autres, dĂ©ploient leur complĂ©mentaritĂ©, et crĂ©ent une analyse commune, quâelles relĂšvent plutĂŽt des sciences sociales ou des humanitĂ©s. Il a pour objectif de rendre manifeste un capital scientifique des SHS en tant que telles, pour aborder les diffĂ©rents questionnements que suscite la pandĂ©mie de Covid-19. La recherche actuelle en SHS sur la pandĂ©mie, sa gestion politique, et ses enjeux, ne sâĂ©labore pas ex nihilo. Tout en prenant la mesure de la spĂ©cificitĂ© des temps prĂ©sents, elle sâappuie sur un ensemble de cadres thĂ©oriques, de mĂ©thodes, dâanalyses Ă©laborĂ©s dans dâautres contextes, remobilisĂ©s, rĂ©actualisĂ©s, enrichis Ă la lumiĂšre des problĂ©matiques associĂ©es Ă la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19. Par ailleurs, le parti-pris de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenir compte dâemblĂ©e de la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie, et de ne pas sâen tenir Ă la situation française. Ainsi, plusieurs contextes nationaux, voire continentaux sont explorĂ©s sur tel ou tel point et la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie y est prise en compte en tant que telle. Enfin, ce document sâintĂ©resse aussi Ă la maniĂšre mĂȘme dont les sciences humaines et sociales se sont mobilisĂ©es, en France, dans le contexte de la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19, aux formes collaboratives, aux pratiques pluridisciplinaires particuliĂšrement adoptĂ©es face Ă cette pandĂ©mie. Il se structure en cinq parties : la premiĂšre porte sur la maniĂšre dont les SHS font de la crise une question et un objet de connaissance (A â Du cadrage de la crise dans lâespace public Ă la crise comme objet de connaissance - lâexemple de la France). La seconde aborde un point saillant des analyses Ă©laborĂ©es au cours des derniers mois, qui envisagent la pandĂ©mie comme un rĂ©vĂ©lateur, voire un amplificateur dâenjeux prĂ©-existants (B). Puis, la troisiĂšme partie sâintĂ©resse aux sociĂ©tĂ©s et aux gouvernements confrontĂ©s Ă la pandĂ©mie (C), autrement dit aux formes de la gestion de la crise par le pouvoir politique, Ă la mobilisation des sciences et Ă lâexercice du pouvoir, ainsi quâaux mesures prises et aux attitudes des populations au regard de ces mesures. La quatriĂšme partie prĂ©sente la façon dont le temps de la pandĂ©mie a Ă©tĂ© traversĂ© de questionnements pour le futur, questionnements qui Ă leur tour impriment des orientations pour la recherche en SHS (D. Se rĂ©inventer en temps de pandĂ©mie). Enfin, la cinquiĂšme et derniĂšre partie invite le lecteur Ă dĂ©couvrir comment les SHS se sont mobilisĂ©es en temps de pandĂ©mie, comment elles ont collaborĂ© et entrepris de documenter Ă chaud la crise sanitaire tout en acceptant de voir se renouveler questions, objets, mĂ©thodes sous lâeffet de cette crise (E. Quand la crise invite aux collaborations et Ă une rĂ©flexion sur le « transfert » des connaissances)
Les sciences humaines et sociales face à la premiÚre vague de la pandémie de Covid-19 -Enjeux et formes de la recherche
Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a question and an object of knowledge (A - From the framing of the crisis in the public space to the crisis as an object of knowledge - the example of France). The second addresses a salient point of the analyses developed over the last few months, which consider the pandemic as a revealer, or even an amplifier of pre-existing issues (B). Then, the third part looks at the societies and governments confronted with the pandemic (C), in other words, the forms of crisis management by the political power, the mobilization of science and the exercise of power, as well as the measures taken and the attitudes of the populations with regard to these measures. The fourth part presents the way in which the time of the pandemic has been characterized by questions about the future, questions which in turn give rise to orientations for HSS research (D. Reinventing ourselves in times of pandemic). Finally, the fifth and last part invites the reader to discover how the HHS involved itself in times of pandemic, how they collaborated together and undertook to document the health crisis in the heat of the moment, while accepting to consider new questions, and adopt new methods under the effect of this crisis (E. When the crisis invites collaboration and reflection on the "transfer" of knowledge).La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Ă qui lâon pose rĂ©guliĂšrement la question de son « utilitĂ© », a Ă©tĂ© massivement mobilisĂ©e dans la premiĂšre partie de lâannĂ©e 2020, tant par les mĂ©dias et les institutions. Elle sâest montrĂ©e dâune grande rĂ©activitĂ©, en adaptant ses calendriers et ses objectifs, en modifiant ses formats dâinterventions (wĂ©binaires, cours en distanciel). Chercheuses et chercheurs, enseignant(e)s-chercheurs ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©sents, et ce malgrĂ© des inĂ©galitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par le confinement dans le travail de recherche, notamment en termes de genre. Le prĂ©sent travail a pour ambition de proposer Ă son lecteur une analyse mobilisant les travaux des SHS dans leur ensemble. Sans prĂ©tendre Ă lâexhaustivitĂ©, il tisse les fils, Ă travers les questions quâil aborde, dâune discipline Ă une autre, composant un ensemble dans lequel les SHS entrent en rĂ©sonance les unes avec les autres, dĂ©ploient leur complĂ©mentaritĂ©, et crĂ©ent une analyse commune, quâelles relĂšvent plutĂŽt des sciences sociales ou des humanitĂ©s. Il a pour objectif de rendre manifeste un capital scientifique des SHS en tant que telles, pour aborder les diffĂ©rents questionnements que suscite la pandĂ©mie de Covid-19. La recherche actuelle en SHS sur la pandĂ©mie, sa gestion politique, et ses enjeux, ne sâĂ©labore pas ex nihilo. Tout en prenant la mesure de la spĂ©cificitĂ© des temps prĂ©sents, elle sâappuie sur un ensemble de cadres thĂ©oriques, de mĂ©thodes, dâanalyses Ă©laborĂ©s dans dâautres contextes, remobilisĂ©s, rĂ©actualisĂ©s, enrichis Ă la lumiĂšre des problĂ©matiques associĂ©es Ă la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19. Par ailleurs, le parti-pris de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenir compte dâemblĂ©e de la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie, et de ne pas sâen tenir Ă la situation française. Ainsi, plusieurs contextes nationaux, voire continentaux sont explorĂ©s sur tel ou tel point et la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie y est prise en compte en tant que telle. Enfin, ce document sâintĂ©resse aussi Ă la maniĂšre mĂȘme dont les sciences humaines et sociales se sont mobilisĂ©es, en France, dans le contexte de la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19, aux formes collaboratives, aux pratiques pluridisciplinaires particuliĂšrement adoptĂ©es face Ă cette pandĂ©mie. Il se structure en cinq parties : la premiĂšre porte sur la maniĂšre dont les SHS font de la crise une question et un objet de connaissance (A â Du cadrage de la crise dans lâespace public Ă la crise comme objet de connaissance - lâexemple de la France). La seconde aborde un point saillant des analyses Ă©laborĂ©es au cours des derniers mois, qui envisagent la pandĂ©mie comme un rĂ©vĂ©lateur, voire un amplificateur dâenjeux prĂ©-existants (B). Puis, la troisiĂšme partie sâintĂ©resse aux sociĂ©tĂ©s et aux gouvernements confrontĂ©s Ă la pandĂ©mie (C), autrement dit aux formes de la gestion de la crise par le pouvoir politique, Ă la mobilisation des sciences et Ă lâexercice du pouvoir, ainsi quâaux mesures prises et aux attitudes des populations au regard de ces mesures. La quatriĂšme partie prĂ©sente la façon dont le temps de la pandĂ©mie a Ă©tĂ© traversĂ© de questionnements pour le futur, questionnements qui Ă leur tour impriment des orientations pour la recherche en SHS (D. Se rĂ©inventer en temps de pandĂ©mie). Enfin, la cinquiĂšme et derniĂšre partie invite le lecteur Ă dĂ©couvrir comment les SHS se sont mobilisĂ©es en temps de pandĂ©mie, comment elles ont collaborĂ© et entrepris de documenter Ă chaud la crise sanitaire tout en acceptant de voir se renouveler questions, objets, mĂ©thodes sous lâeffet de cette crise (E. Quand la crise invite aux collaborations et Ă une rĂ©flexion sur le « transfert » des connaissances)