La estrategia del Estado Chileno a la problemática de las violencias contra las mujeres (2005-2014)

Este artículo busca mostrar los efectos de la incursión del Estado chileno en la lucha contra las violencias hacia las mujeres en el ámbito doméstico. Para esto acudimos a dispositivos legales y políticos. Se mostrará el rol de las instituciones de justicia y del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer (SERNAM) en tanto que instrumentos de atención y protección a las personas afectadas por la problemática, durante los gobiernos de Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010) y de Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014). Durante el desarrollo del análisis, se caracterizará cómo entra en tensión el enfoque familiarista de la ley con los dispositivos propuestos por el Estado. Avanzando que el género como categoría crítica si bien es invisibilizado, de igual modo aparece como ordenador de relaciones de poder y dominación. Lo anterior ocurre tanto en la construcción de la legislación, como en la intervención de la problemática en niveles locale

Factors associated with optimal glycemic control in patients with insulin pump therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in real time

Objetivo Cuando se utiliza monitorización continua de glucosa (MCG) y algoritmos de estimación de bolos, muchos pacientes en terapia con bomba de insulina alcanzan euglucemia. Evaluamos patrones de uso en integración de tecnología de bomba/MCG asociados con niveles de HbA1c<7%. Métodos Analizamos datos de 217 pacientes (edad>11 años; 53,5% hombres; 91,7% con diabetes tipo 1; >3 meses de experiencia en bomba) en manejo en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia, incluyendo aplicación de insulina, HbA1c, eventos hipoglucémicos severos, uso de MCG, culminación de cursos educativos en diabetes y frecuencia de glucometrías. Todos los pacientes recibieron entrenamiento para uso de bomba y la mayoría (73,7%) entrenamiento adicional en conteo de hidratos de carbono, ajustes de tasa basal y uso de datos de MCG. Resultados El inicio de terapia con bomba se asoció a disminución de HbA1c, uso de insulina y eventos hipoglucémicos severos (p80% de los bolos y uso de sensor MCG>80% del tiempo (p18 años, uso de bomba Paradigm 722 con MCG integrado, uso de alarmas por MCG, HbA1c>7% antes de terapia y controles de glucemia capilar más frecuentes (p<0,05). Muchos pacientes (45,6%) alcanzaron HbA1c≤7% con bomba. Conclusiones La educación, combinada con uso consistente de sensores-MCG y algoritmos de bolos confiere reducciones de HbA1c mayores a las alcanzadas con la terapia solamente con bomba.Q4Artículo original74-80Objective When used with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and bolus estimation algorithms, many patients on insulin pump therapy achieve near-euglycemia. We evaluated the usage patterns of integrated pump/CGM technology that are associated with A1C levels <7%. Methods Data from 217 patients (age>11 years, 53.5% male, 91.7% with type 1 diabetes, all with >3 months pump experience) receiving care at a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, were analyzed. Data included insulin delivery, A1C levels, severe hypoglycemic events, use of CGM, completion of diabetes education courses, and the frequency of blood glucose checks. All patients received training on the use of the pump, and most (73.7%) received additional training on carbohydrate counting, basal rate adjustments, and use of CGM data. Results Initiation of pump therapy was associated with decreases in A1C, insulin use, and severe hypoglycemic events (all P80% of bolus doses and use of CGM sensors >80% of the time (both P18, use of the Paradigm 722 pump with an integrated CGM device, use of CGM-based alarms, A1c >7% before pump therapy, and more frequent blood glucose checks (all P<.05). Many (45.6%) patients reached A1c≤7% with pump therapy. Conclusions Patient education, with an A1c below 7% before sensor-augmented pump therapy, when combined with consistent use of CGM sensors and bolus estimation algorithms, leads to favorable reductions in A1C beyond those achieved with pump therapy alon

Hyperlipidemic microenvironment conditionates damage mechanisms in human chondrocytes by oxidative stress

Abstract Background Currently, two pathogenic pathways describe the role of obesity in osteoarthritis (OA); one through biomechanical stress, and the other by the contribution of systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of free fatty acids (FFA) in human chondrocytes (HC) expression of proinflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods HC were exposed to two different concentrations of FFA in order to evaluate the secretion of adipokines through cytokines immunoassays panel, quantify the protein secretion of FFA-treated chondrocytes, and fluorescent cytometry assays were performed to evaluate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Results HC injury was observed at 48 h of treatment with FFA. In the FFA-treated HC the production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and the reactive nitrogen species increased significantly in a at the two-dose tested (250 and 500 μM). In addition, we found an increase in the cytokine secretion of IL-6 and chemokine IL-8 in FFA-treated HC in comparison to the untreated HC. Conclusion In our in vitro model of HC, a hyperlipidemia microenvironment induces an oxidative stress state that enhances the inflammatory process mediated by adipokines secretion in HC

Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity—GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys

Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.</jats:p

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Reproducibility of fluorescent expression from engineered biological constructs in E. coli

We present results of the first large-scale interlaboratory study carried out in synthetic biology, as part of the 2014 and 2015 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competitions. Participants at 88 institutions around the world measured fluorescence from three engineered constitutive constructs in E. coli. Few participants were able to measure absolute fluorescence, so data was analyzed in terms of ratios. Precision was strongly related to fluorescent strength, ranging from 1.54-fold standard deviation for the ratio between strong promoters to 5.75-fold for the ratio between the strongest and weakest promoter, and while host strain did not affect expression ratios, choice of instrument did. This result shows that high quantitative precision and reproducibility of results is possible, while at the same time indicating areas needing improved laboratory practices.Peer reviewe

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified