Análise quantitativa das propriedades petrográficas de amostras de rochas carbonáticas do pré-sal brasileiro

O início da exploração do pré-sal é um dos marcos mais importantes da história geológica e econômica do Brasil. Com a enorme disparidade positiva entre a produção prevista antes e após a exploração do pré-sal, há cada vez mais mobilização por parte de empresas e pesquisadores por estudos caracterizando as rochas-reservatório dessa camada. O presente trabalho tem como finalidade a caracterização petrográfica de amostras de rochas carbonáticas de um reservatório do pré-sal brasileiro na Bacia de Santos, que visa analisar a gênese de seus principais componentes sedimentares e diagenéticos através de descrições macro e microscópicas, além da análise de dados petrofísicos correlacionando valores de porosidade e permeabilidade. O objetivo é definir o potencial de reservatório dessas rochas e correlacioná-las com as principais fácies definidas para o intervalo do pré-sal: (i) Esferulitos; (ii) Shrub-Like Limestone; (iii) Grainstone Intraclástico; (iv) Packstone Intraclástico; (v) Dolostone; e (vi) Mudstone/Siltstone. Acerca de todas as amostras analisadas, esferulitos, shrubs e matriz (argilosa, sílica e/ou carbonática) são elementos comuns, tanto in situ, quanto retrabalhados ou substituídos parcialmente. A cimentação das rochas é de dois tipos: sílica, com chert bordejando os grãos, calcedônia e cristais de quartzo, nessa ordem na direção grão-poro; e carbonática, com a cristalização de calcita e dolomita romboédrica por substituição, pelo processo diagenético de dolomitização. Com a análise estatística aplicada nas lâminas delgadas, foi medido o diâmetro de esferulitos e o comprimento de estruturas shrub preservadas, além de espessuras de fraturamentos. Os esferulitos apresentaram média de diâmetro de 1,60 ± 0,76 mm, com o menor e maior grão com 0,25 e 6,92 mm, respectivamente. O comprimento dos grãos com estruturas shrub apresentaram uma média de 3,05 ± 1,44 mm, com menor e maior estrutura com 0,71 e 12,9 mm, respectivamente. Por fim, as fraturas apresentaram espessura média de 0,16 ± 0,07 mm, com menor e maior intervalo de espessura equivalente a 0,01 a 1,47 mm, respectivamente. As medições permoporosas indicaram porosidade com média de 13,77 ± 5,78 % e permeabilidade com média de 172,63 ± 474,90 mD. De forma geral, os valores de porosidade estão entre 10 e 15% e os valores de permeabilidade são muito dispersos e pouco correlacionados com os respectivos valores de porosidade, sugerindo um sistema poroso complexo e heterogêneo

Amicus curiae on the request for an advisory opinion concerning the figure of the political judgment or impeachment presented by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

O presente trabalho diz respeito à solicitação de Opinião Consultiva feita pela Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH) acerca dos julgamentos políticos e impeachment, de modo a fomentar e ampliar o debate sobre o tema. Nesse sentido, o Núcleo Constitucionalismo e Democracia, que integra o Centro de Estudos da Constituição (CCONS), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), e o Departamento de Direito Constitucional da Universidade Externado da Colômbia, ingressaram, em conjunto, como amicus curiae, e apresentaram esta opinião diante da Comissão Interamericana com o propósito de colaborar, teórica e praticamente, com o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos (SIDH). Na primeira parte do trabalho faz-se uma série de observações sobre a consulta formulada pela CIDH, inclusive quanto às próprias regras e estrutura do procedimento da função consultiva. Na segunda parte, faz-se referência ao papel e legitimidade dos tribunais internacionais e, concretamente, da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH), na proteção da democracia e dos direitos políticos. Na terceira parte, responde-se ao objeto central da consulta, sobre as garantias judiciais e a legalidade nos processos de impeachment e julgamentos políticos contra presidentes democraticamente eleitos. Finalmente, na quarta parte, alerta-se a Corte IDH sobre a importância de se especificar o alcance do artigo 23 da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (CADH) em relação aos diferentes fenômenos que ocorrem nos Estados Partes da CADH. O objetivo do trabalho é oferecer à Corte IDH uma visão completa do conteúdo e de problemas concretos que surgem da solicitação de uma opinião consultiva tal como essa, formulada pela CIDH, como também um pronunciamento sobre o contexto jurídico e fático que rodeia este procedimento.This work concerns the request for an Advisory Opinion made by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) on political judgments and impeachment, in order to encourage and broaden the debate on the subject. In this sense, the Núcleo Constitucionalismo e Democracia (Constitutionalism and Democracy Nucleus), which integrates the Centro de Estudos da Constituição (Center for Constitutional Studies – CCONS) of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) Law’s LL.M and Ph.D Program, and the Constitutional Law Department of the Externado University of Colombia, have joined together as amicus curiae and presented their view before the Inter-American Commission, aiming to collaborate, theoretically and practically, with the Inter-American System of Human Rights (IASHR). The first part of this report presents comments on the consultation formulated by the IACHR, including the rules and structure of the advisory procedure itself. The second part deals with the role and legitimacy of international courts and tribunals – specifically, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) – for the protection of democracy and political rights. The third part refers to the core object of the consultation – on judicial guarantees and legality in impeachment proceedings and political trials against democratically elected presidents. Finally, in the fourth part, the Inter-American Court is warned about the importance of specifying the scope of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) in relation to the different phenomena occurring in the States that have ratified it. The objective of this work is to provide the Inter-American Court with a complete view of the content and concrete problems that arise from the request for an advisory opinion such as that formulated by the IACHR, as well as with a statement on the legal and factual context surrounding this procedure

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data