influence of the light-activation mode

This study analyzed the relationship between the degree of conversion (DC), solubility, and salivary sorption of a hybrid (Filtek P 60) and a nanofilled resin composite (Filtek Supreme), and evaluated the influence of the light-activation mode on these properties. Two light-activation modes were used: Conventional (C; 850 mW/cm² for 20 s) and Soft-start (SS; 100-1,000 mW/cm² for 10 s + 1,000 mW/cm² for 10 s). The DC (%) was evaluated by FT-Raman spectroscopy. The solubility and salivary sorption were measured after immersion in artificial saliva for 7 days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls' test and linear regression analysis (a = 0.05). The DC varied from 50.52% (nanofilled composite) to 57.15% (hybrid composite), and was influenced by the light-activation mode: C >; SS. The solubility (0.45 mg/mm³) and salivary sorption (8.04 mg/mm³) of the nanofilled composite were greater than those of the hybrid composite (0.40 mg/mm³ / 6.87 mg/mm³), and were influenced by the light-activation mode: SS >; C. Correlation was found between DC and solubility (r = - 0.89,

Polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene are associated with the plasma levels of MBL and the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in severe COVID-19

IntroductionMannose-binding lectin (MBL) promotes opsonization, favoring phagocytosis and activation of the complement system in response to different microorganisms, and may influence the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines. This study investigated the association of MBL2 gene polymorphisms with the plasma levels of MBL and inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19.MethodsBlood samples from 385 individuals (208 with acute COVID-19 and 117 post-COVID-19) were subjected to real-time PCR genotyping. Plasma measurements of MBL and cytokines were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively.ResultsThe frequencies of the polymorphic MBL2 genotype (OO) and allele (O) were higher in patients with severe COVID-19 (p< 0.05). The polymorphic genotypes (AO and OO) were associated with lower MBL levels (p< 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in patients with low MBL and severe COVID-19 (p< 0.05). No association of polymorphisms, MBL levels, or cytokine levels with long COVID was observed.DiscussionThe results suggest that, besides MBL2 polymorphisms promoting a reduction in MBL levels and therefore in its function, they may also contribute to the development of a more intense inflammatory process responsible for the severity of COVID-19

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Analyse of an experimental adhesive system with zinc as an inhibitor of MMP

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade da resistência de união e da nanoinfiltração entre um compósito e a dentina humana, utilizando sistemas adesivos experimentais contendo um inibidor das metaloproteinases (MMPs), além de avaliar algumas propriedades físicas destes adesivos. Quatro sistemas adesivos experimentais foram formulados com diferentes concentrações (em peso) de ZnCl2 (0% Z0; 2.0% Z2; 3.5% Z3,5; 5.0% Z5). Após exposição da dentina oclusal de cinquenta molares humanos e posterior hibridização, um bloco de compósito foi construído e os dentes seccionados, obtendo-se palitos (seção transversal de 1.0 mm2). Os palitos de cada dente foram distribuídos e armazenados (água destilada a37°C) por 24h ou 1 ano. Posteriormente, dois palitos de cada dente foram imersos em solução de nitrato de prata, lavados e polidos para análise da nanoinfiltração (N) por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os demais palitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração e o padrão de ruptura observado em estereomicroscópio (80X). Os testes de sorção e solubilidade foram conduzidos de acordo com a ISO4049. O grau de conversão foi medido por meio de espectroscopia (FTIR). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA de dois fatores e ao teste de Tukey (5%) para contraste. O armazenamento por 1 ano diminuiu os valores de resistência de união µTBS para todos os adesivos (p 0.05) e menor nanoinfiltração do que este (p<0.05). Pode-se concluir que o uso de 2% de ZnCl2 (em peso) em sistemas adesivos parece melhorar a interface adesiva sem comprometer as propriedades físicas do adesivo, e altas concentrações de ZnCl2, podem prejudicar a eficiência dos sistemas adesivos.Objectives: Evaluate the bond strength and the adhesion stability of the dental- composite interface using experimental etch-and-rinse adhesive systems containing Zinc as metalloproteinase inhibitor, as well some physical properties of them. Methods: The adhesives were prepared containing ZnCl2 in different concentrations (wt): Z0=0%; Z2=2.0%; Z3.5=3.5%; Z5=5.0%. Single Bond was used as commercial available widely used. For nanoleakage (N) and microtensile bond strength (µTBS), fifty human molars were wet ground until expose occlusal dentin. The adhesives were applied and resin composites build ups were incrementally constructed. The bonded teeth were cut into resin-dentin beams (cross-sectional area: 1mm2). The tests were conducted after 24h or 12 months of water storage at 37 C. Water sorption (WS) and solubility (SO) were calculated based on ISO4049. Degree of conversion (DC%) was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (5%). Results: The storage for 12 months diminishes the µTBS values for all adhesives (p0.05). Conclusion: The use of ZnCl2 at 2% (wt) in adhesives seems to reduce the damage to the adhesive interface and does not compromise the physical properties tested. Higher concentrations of ZnCl2 can lead to worst results.40f

Influência de ácidos orgânicos presentes no biofilme oral na resistência de união entre sistemas adesivos e a dentina humana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de ácidos produzidos no biofilme oral na interface de união entre sistemas adesivos e a dentina humana. Sessenta terceiros molares humanos tiveram o esmalte das superfícies oclusais removido e as superfícies de dentina planificadas. Os dentes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado: Scotchtbond Multiuso (SMU), Adper Single Bond (SB2), Adper Schotbond SE (ASE) e Clearfill SE Bond (CSE). Após a aplicação dos adesivos e confecção de um bloco de compósito sobre as superfícies dentinárias, os dentes foram seccionados serialmente e perpendicularmente a fim de se obter espécimes em forma e palito com 1,0mm² de secção transversal. Para cada sistema adesivo foram produzidos três grupos experimentais de acordo com o meio de imersão (7 dias a 37ºC): saliva artificial, ácido propiônico e ácido lático. Após o período de imersão, os espécimes foram submetidos a ensaio de resistência adesiva por microtração (RµT). O padrão de falha foi avaliado em estereomicroscópio (40X). Após tratamento estatístico (ANOVA,Tukey), observou-se que, os grupos imersos nos ácidos produziram menores valores de RµT, p < 0,05. Os adesivos (SMU) e (CSE) apresentaram valores de resistência de união similar e superiores ao (SB2), que por sua vez foi estatisticamente superior ao sistema (ASE). Concluiu-se que ácidos presentes no biofilme oral (propiônico e lático) podem influenciar o mecanismo de adesão à dentina humanaThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of acids present in the oral biofilm on the resin-dentin bonds. The enamel of molar crowns of sixty extracted human third molars was removed and the exposed dentin was flattened. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups according to adhesive systems: Scotchbond Multiporpouse (SMU), Adper Single Bond 2(SB2), Clearfill SE Bond (CSE), and Adper Scotchbond SE (ASE). A composite block was built upon the dentin surfaces and the teeth were serially sectioned in two axes to obtain beams with 1,0mm² cross-sectional area, using a diamond saw. For each adhesive system 3 experimental groups were obtained according with the storage solutions: artificial saliva, lactic acid, and propionic acid, After 7 days stored at 37ºC, the specimens were subjected to a microtensile bond strength test (µTS). The fracture mode was analyzed using a stereomicroscope (40x). Both propionic and lactic acid showed the lowest values of µTBS, p < 0.05. The SMU and CSE adhesive systems showed similar and higher bond strength values than SB2 which presents higher values of µTBS comparing with ASE. It was conclude that acids present in oral biofilm may influence the bonding mechanism to human dentin89f

Diferenças de adaptação acadêmica entre estudantes do curso de psicologia

&nbsp; The objective was to identify the differences between students of the first three periods of the psychology course in relation to the variables related to academic adaptation. 426 university students participated who answered the questionnaires and inventories related to the variables. The data were submitted to ANOVA. The main results indicate that the students have unrealistic expectations regarding the university. Increase in the repertoire of social skills of confrontation and self-assertion with risk and reduction of the ability to convert and social ability according to the periods and that in the more advanced periods are more determined, have more self-knowledge and less responsibility and independence in relation to their professional choice. The Institution is less satisfied as the course progresses. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;El objetivo fue identificar las diferencias entre estudiantes de los primeros tres períodos del curso de psicología en relación con las variables relacionadas con la adaptación académica. Participaron 426 estudiantes, respondió a los cuestionarios e inventarios. Los datos fueron sometidos a ANOVA. Los principales resultados indican que los estudiantes tienen expectativas irrelistas con respecto a la universidad. Hubo un aumento en el repertorio de afrontamiento y habilidades sociales de autoafirmación con riesgo y disminución de la capacidad para conversar y habilidades sociales y, en los períodos más avanzados, tienen más capacidad de autoconocimiento y menos responsabilidad e independencia en relación con su elección profesional. En relación con la institución, están menos satisfechos a medida que avanza el curso.Objetivou-se identificar as diferenças entre alunos dos três primeiros períodos do curso de psicologia em relação as variáveis relacionadas a adaptação acadêmica. Participaram 426 estudantes universitários que responderam aos questionários e inventários relativos as variáveis. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA. Os principais resultados apontam que os estudantes possuem expectativas irrealistas em relação a universidade. Houve aumento do repertório de habilidades sociais de enfrentamento e autoafirmação com risco e diminuição da habilidade de conversação e desenvoltura social em função dos períodos e, nos períodos mais avançados estão mais determinados, apresentam mais autoconhecimento e menos responsabilidade e independência em relação a sua escolha profissional. Em relação a Instituição, estão menos satisfeitos a medida em que o curso avança.&nbsp

Prática da interdisciplinaridade do PET-SAÚDE com professores da escola pública - doi: 10.5020/18061230.2012.p80

Objectives: To explore the health status of public school teachers from the perspective of the physiotherapist and the speech pathologist, in order to develop and implement a proposal of preventive intervention for this population, through self-care measures carried out in groups. Methods: This is a research - action qualitative study, with the completion of six meetings that took place fortnightly, lasting 45 minutes in average, covering physical therapy and speech therapy self-care. At the first meeting, a questionnaire was applied to collect personal and professional data and variables: physical therapy, pain sites, seated posture permanence, speech therapy, annoyance in their voice, throat exams, water intake, strategies to maintain the order in the classroom. The sample consisted on 12 teachers linked to a public elementary school in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. Results: All teachers made complaints about pain in the body and the types of pain most frequently reported were burning and stabbing. The majority (83.3%) reported never been submitted to physical therapy to relieve symptoms. In respect to speech complaints, 91.6% (11) of the study group reported discomfort in his voice and only one has held speech therapy, for six months. Conclusions: Integral, intersectional and interdisciplinary actions are needed, in order to prevent and early detect and treat physical or speech disorders that are characteristic of the profession. Group work proved to be a rich in possibilities tool.Explorar a situação de saúde dos professores de escolas públicas, sob a ótica do fisioterapeuta e do fonoaudiólogo, para a elaboração e aplicação de proposta de intervenção preventiva para esta população, através de medidas de autocuidado executadas em grupos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo do tipo pesquisa-ação, com a realização de seis encontros que ocorriam quinzenalmente, com duração média de 45 minutos, abordando exercícios fisioterápicos e fonoaudiológicos de autocuidado. No primeiro encontro, foi aplicado um questionário de avaliação que interrogava dados pessoais e profissionais, e as variáveis: tratamento fisioterápico, locais de dor, permanência de postura sentada, tratamento fonoaudiológico, incômodo na voz, exame laringológico, ingestão de água, estratégias para manter a ordem em sala de aula. A amostra constituiu-se de 12 professores vinculados a uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental no município de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. Resultados: Todos os professores apresentaram queixas de dor no corpo e os tipos de dores mais relatadas foram queimação e pontada. A maioria (83,3%) relatou nunca ter feito tratamento fisioterápico para alívio dos sintomas. No que diz respeito às queixas fonoaudiológicas, 91,6% (11) do grupo estudado relatou incômodo na voz e apenas um realizou terapia fonoaudiológica, por seis meses. Conclusões: São necessárias ações integrais, intersetoriais e interdisciplinares com a finalidade de prevenir, detectar precocemente e intervir em distúrbios fisioterápicos ou fonoaudiólogicos característicos da profissão. O trabalho em grupo mostrou-se uma ferramenta rica em possibilidades

Interdisciplinary practice on PET-SAÚDE for public school teachers

Objectives: To explore the health status of public school teachers from the perspective of the physiotherapist and the speech pathologist, in order to develop and implement a proposal of preventive intervention for this population, through self-care measures carried out in groups. Methods: This is a research - action qualitative study, with the completion of six meetings that took place fortnightly, lasting 45 minutes in average, covering physical therapy and speech therapy self-care. At the first meeting, a questionnaire was applied to collect personal and professional data and variables: physical therapy, pain sites, seated posturepermanence, speech therapy, annoyance in their voice, throat exams, water intake, strategies to maintain the order in the classroom. The sample consisted on 12 teachers linked to a public elementary school in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. Results: All teachers made complaintsabout pain in the body and the types of pain most frequently reported were burning and stabbing. The majority (83.3%) reported never been submitted to physical therapy to relieve symptoms. In respect to speech complaints, 91.6% (11) of the study group reported discomfortin his voice and only one has held speech therapy, for six months. Conclusions: Integral, intersectional and interdisciplinary actions are needed, in order to prevent and early detect and treat physical or speech disorders that are characteristic of the profession. Group work proved to be a rich in possibilities tool

ZnCl2 Incorporated into Experimental Adhesives: Selected Physicochemical Properties and Resin-Dentin Bonding Stability

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC%), water sorption (WS), solubility (SO), and resin-dentin bonding stability of experimental adhesive systems containing ZnCl2. Different concentrations (wt.%) of ZnCl2 were added to a model etch-and-rinse adhesive system consisting of BISGMA, HEMA, UDMA, GDMA, water, and ethanol: Zn0 (0%-control group); Zn2 (2%); Zn3.5 (3.5%); and Zn5 (5%). Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) was used as commercial reference. The samples were light cured for 20s using a quartz-tungsten-halogen unit (650 mW/cm2). DC% (n=5) was measured using FT-IR spectroscopy, and WS and SO (n=5) were calculated based on ISO4049. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) were measured after 24 h and 12 months of water storage (n=10). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (5%). Zn5 presented the lowest DC% and the highest WS and SO (p<0.05). Zn0 and Zn2 presented statistically similar DC%, WS, SO, and immediate μTBS. All adhesives containing ZnCl2 maintained a μTBS stability after 12 months, but only Zn2 and Zn3.5 did not suffer an increase in NL. SB presented the highest immediate μTBS but the greatest reduction after 12 months (p<0.05). The addition of 2 wt.% of ZnCl2 in adhesive formulations seems to be a promising way to improve the resin-dentin bonding stability. Higher concentrations than 2 wt.% could impair some physicochemical properties