Food and Wine Tourism: an Analysis of Italian Typical Products

The aim of this work is to focus the specific role of local food productions in spite of its relationship with tourism sector to valorization and promotion of the territorial cultural heritage. The modern agriculture has been and, in the recent years, several specific features are emerging referring to different territorials areas. Tourist would like to have a complete experience consumption of a destination, specifically to natural and cultural heritage and genuine food. This contribute addresses the topics connected to the relationship between typical productions system and tourism sector to underline the competitive advantages to local development. The typical productions are Designation of Protected Origin (Italian DOP, within wine certifications DOCG and DOC) and Typical Geographical Indication (IGP and wine’s IGT). The aim is an analysis of the specialization of these kinds of production at Italian regional scale. The implication of the work has connected with defining a necessary and appropriate value strategies based on marketing principles in order to translate the benefit of typical productions to additional value for the local system. Thus, the final part of the paper describes the potential dynamics with the suitable accommodation typology of agriturismo and the typical production system of Italian Administrative Regions.Questo lavoro si focalizza su una relazione: quella fra la valorizzazione del turismo e la promozione del patrimonio culturale, inteso in una ampia accezione che ricomprende anche quello rurale; in particolare si vuole analizzare il ruolo come strumento di promozione dei prodotti agroalimentari locali. La moderna agricoltura appare caratterizzata da specifici fattori riferiti ai diversi contesti territoriali. Il turista desidera fare una esperienza completa della destinazione con particolare riferimento al patrimonio culturale e al cibo. Per queste ragioni, il contributo si focalizza sulla relazione fra il sistema delle produzioni tipiche e le attività turistiche per evidenziare i vantaggi competitivi per lo sviluppo locale. I prodotti tipici considerati sono quelli a denominazione protetta (DOP, DOCG e DOC) e indicazione geografica tipica (IGP e IGT). L’analisi è condotta sulla concentrazione delle produzioni su scala regionale in Italia. Corollario dell’analisi risulta la necessità di una strategia basata sul marketing territoriale per beneficiare del valore aggiunto in senso turistico di queste produzioni in termini di sviluppo locale. Per questo motivo, la parte finale del contributo descrive la potenzialità delle relazione dinamica fra la specifica forma di accommodation dell’agriturismo e il sistema delle produzioni tipiche Italia con riferimento alle regioni

Siniestralidad laboral y derecho penal: “riesgos” de responsabilidad objetiva y culpabilidad de autor

La llegada de los cambios en la ciencia y la tecnología ha contribuido a la incesante y profunda modificación de los rasgos característicos de la sociedad civil. A partir de esta premisa toma forma la presente investigación, cuyo objeto principal es representado por la seguridad en el trabajo y constituye la consecuencia directa de lo que se define como riesgo. La seguridad en el mundo del trabajo es uno de los ámbitos a los que cada vez se presta más atención. Si, por un lado, el ordenamiento jurídico no parecía adecuado para hacer frente a las situaciones de peligro para la salud y la seguridad en el trabajo, por otro, también en este ámbito se ha llegado a una exasperación de la respuesta punitiva, enmascarada en modelos represivos supuestamente “necesarios y urgentes”, como vehículos para la realización de un discurso constitucional más amplio, cuyo objetivo no sería sólo el trabajo, sino el trabajo en condiciones de dignidad y seguridad. Este discurso puede extenderse a muchos sectores de actividad que caracterizan los procesos cotidianos de la sociedad moderna. De hecho, hay varias dimensiones que, si bien presentan factores de riesgo intrínsecos por naturaleza, están permitidas social y legalmente por los beneficios que reportan. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en la práctica de disciplinas deportivas, la conducción de vehículos a motor o la comercialización de productos alimenticios. En cada uno de estos ámbitos existen factores de riesgo potenciales que son “soportados” y, en algunos casos, “apoyados” tanto por la sociedad como por la Ley. En el contexto general de una sustancial “sistematización” del Derecho penal del riesgo, y a pesar de que el principio de culpabilidad ha arraigado gradualmente en el ordenamiento jurídico, un residuo bastante importante de responsabilidad que, por diversas razones, no puede definirse lato sensu como personal sigue enredado en el ámbito del Derecho penal. En el presente trabajo, por lo tanto, se ha intentado arrojar luz sobre el alcance sistemático de instituciones ampliamente debatidas, que conforman también hipótesis de responsabilidad objetiva. Para ello, sobre la base de los estudios que se han sucedido, se ha tratado de poner de relieve la vinculación entre la fenomenología de la acción (u omisión) humana y las consecuencias que le atribuye el ordenamiento jurídico. Así, inclinarse por una u otra solución –es decir, hacer cualquier elección de Derecho y de política criminal– corresponde, ante todo, a cincelar en el ius positum las propias convicciones en materia de teleología sancionadora. Las consideraciones formuladas en el presente trabajo llevan a proclamar la vulnerabilidad de la “responsabilidad personal”, consagrando así el problema como tema de constante actualidad en el debate penal. Si es cierto que la dotación de instrumentos hermenéuticos de molde normovalorativo no es tout court capaz de eliminar todo riesgo de responsabilidad objetiva, es fácil comprender cómo la atención de la doctrina no puede nunca bajar la guardia ante potenciales reavivaciones de instituciones medievales, incompatibles con las exigencias constitucionales de los tiempos contemporáneos. Hay que tener en cuenta, de hecho, que una responsabilidad verdaderamente personal es la única que pueda garantizar el vínculo de la justicia penal con el hecho cometido, para evitar derivas en una culpabilidad por la mera autoría. La investigación está encaminada a buscar los perfiles de responsabilidad objetiva en el ámbito de la protección penal de la seguridad en el trabajo, tanto en la causalidad como en la compleja estructura de la imprudencia, que reafirma sus caracteres relacionales y organizativos. Por último, se intentará formular una hipótesis de lege ferenda, pasando a examinar si, en relación con la inteligencia artificial, la Constitución puede tolerar alguna forma de responsabilidad objetiva.The advent of changes in science and technology has contributed to the incessant and profound modification of the characteristic features of civil society. It is from this premise that the present research takes shape, the main object of which represents the direct consequence of what, with not a few abuses of a political-criminal nature, is defined as risk. Safety in the world of work is one of the areas to which increasing attention is being paid. If, on the one hand, the legal system did not seem adequate to deal with situations of danger to health and safety at work, on the other hand, also in this field there has been an exasperation of the punitive response, masked in supposedly “necessary and urgent” repressive models, as vehicles for the realization of a broader constitutional discourse, whose objective would be not only work, but work in conditions of dignity and safety. This discourse can be extended to many sectors of activity that characterize the daily processes of modern society. In fact, there are several dimensions that, while presenting intrinsic risk factors by nature, are socially and legally permitted because of the benefits they bring. Think, for example, of the practice of sports disciplines, the driving of motor vehicles or the marketing of food products. In each of these areas there are potential risk factors that are “allowed” and, in some cases, “endorsed” both by society and by the law. In the general context of a substantial “systematization” of the Criminal Law of risk, and despite the fact that the principle of culpability has gradually taken root in the legal system, a fairly substantial residue of liability that, for various reasons, cannot be defined lato sensu as personal remains entangled in the meshes of Criminal Law. Therefore, an attempt has been made to shed light on the systematic scope of widely debated institutions, which also form hypotheses of objective liability. To this end, on the basis of the studies that have followed, an attempt has been made to highlight the link between the phenomenology of human action (or omission) and the consequences attributed to it by the legal system. Thus, to opt for one or the other solution - that is, to make any choice of law and criminal policy - corresponds, above all, to chiseling in the ius positum one’s own convictions in terms of the teleology of punishment. The considerations formulated in this paper lead to proclaiming the vulnerability of “personal responsibility”, thus enshrining the problem as a constantly topical issue in the criminal debate. If it is true that the provision of hermeneutic instruments of a normative-valorative mold is not tout court capable of eliminating all risk of objective liability, it is easy to understand how the attention of the doctrine can never lower its guard in the face of potential revivals of medieval institutions, incompatible with the constitutional requirements of contemporary times. It must be borne in mind, in fact, that a truly personal responsibility is the only one that can guarantee the link of criminal justice with the act committed, in order to avoid drifting into guilt by mere authorship. The research is aimed at looking for the profiles of objective liability in the field of criminal protection of safety at work, both in causality and in the complex structure of negligence, which reaffirms its relational and organizational characters. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate a hypothesis de lege ferenda, going on to examine whether, in relation to artificial intelligence, the Constitution can tolerate some form of objective liability

Política, discrecionalidad y derecho en las implicaciones empíricas del principio de proporcionalidad de la pena

El trabajo está encaminado a encuadrar jurídicamente las implicaciones empíricas del principio de proporcionalidad de la sanción penal. Para desarrollar un análisis que profundice tanto la predeterminación normativa de la proporcionalidad, como su aplicación en la fase del juicio y en la fase de ejecución de la pena, se analizarán varios aspectos relacionados con la política, la discrecionalidad y el Derecho Penal

Investigation of the effects of vitamin D and calcium on intestinal motility: In vitro tests and implications for clinical treatment

The presence of vitamin D receptors in small intestine muscle cells may lead one to think that vitamin D may act locally, influencing intracellular calcium concentration and contributing to the contraction-relaxation regulation of the intestinal smooth muscle cells. This study investigates the potential effects of vitamin D and calcium on intestinal motility using an in vitro test. Different calcium concentrations added to the tissue not pre-treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1α,25(OH)2D3] produced no response at low doses (1.25×10–3 and 2.0×10–3 mol L–1) and only a very weak response at higher concentration (3.0×10–3 mol L–1). The addition of 1α,25(OH)2D3 (1.44×10–10 mol L–1) had no effect on isolated ileum motility. When calcium (3.0×10–3 mol L–1) was added after at least 3 hours, it evoked evident and persistent contractions for 60-90 minutes. The contractions were at about 40 % of the peak produced by acetylcholine.Thus, simultaneous intake of vitamin D and calcium might be a useful co-adjuvant in intestinal atony therapy aimed to stimulate normal gut motility in humans. These findings imply that supplemental vitamin D may be important in all cases where calcium has to be prescribed

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe

Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Probing effective field theory operators in the associated production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe