The Diplomat of the Twenty First Century

The advancement and development in international communications and transportation, led to enhance and development of diplomatic law, which resulted to the search for a new path of diplomacy in order to be consistent with the aspirations of the peoples and strengthen international peace and security. The highlighted importance of our topic came from the fact that diplomatic relations in the 21st century forced diplomats to gain new ethics and new diplomatic traditions. therefore, the research included the definition of diplomacy. new qualities that must be displayed by diplomatic and the diplomatic grades that are considered influential in international relations. Also the research included a study of the diplomat obligations  in the twenty one century, including the general duties in the face of life complexities.The research included the study of the diplomat dealing with information technology and  international relations management, in the speed that is adopted world wide. The advanced media movement imposed on diplomacy a new development that forced it to adapt the new media means in addition to what had been achieved by social diplomacy. The research was finalized with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations. Keywords: Diplomatic, Political, Delegate, 21st Century

THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING ENABLERS ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING CAPABILITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON JORDANIAN TELECOMMUNICATION FIRMS

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of knowledge sharing enablers on knowledge sharing capability. This study used a questionnaire where the scale is adapted to measure those dimensions of knowledge sharing enablers (i.e. enjoyment in helping others, knowledge self-efficacy, top management support, organizational rewards, and ICT use) and knowledge sharing capability. This study targeted the telecommunication companies in Jordan, namely Orange and Umniah. The suitable returned questionnaires accounted for 367 out of 600. Multiple regression analysis was used to explore the impact of each of the knowledge sharing enablers on knowledge sharing. This study found that knowledge sharing enablers affect knowledge sharing. Also, it found that the most influential dimension of knowledge sharing was enjoyment in helping others; followed by ICT use, organizational rewards, and then top management support. However, knowledge self-efficacy did not have a statistically significant effect over knowledge sharing

Overview of convolutional neural networks architectures for brain tumor segmentation

Due to the paramount importance of the medical field in the lives of people, researchers and experts exploited advancements in computer techniques to solve many diagnostic and analytical medical problems. Brain tumor diagnosis is one of the most important computational problems that has been studied and focused on. The brain tumor is determined by segmentation of brain images using many techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brain tumor segmentation methods have been developed since a long time and are still evolving, but the current trend is to use deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) due to its many breakthroughs and unprecedented results that have been achieved in various applications and their capacity to learn a hierarchy of progressively complicated characteristics from input without requiring manual feature extraction. Considering these unprecedented results, we present this paper as a brief review for main CNNs architecture types used in brain tumor segmentation. Specifically, we focus on researcher works that used the well-known brain tumor segmentation (BraTS) dataset

Rasyid Al-Ghannousyi’s Thought on Islamic Democracy

Rasyid al-Ghannousyi, pemikir, pembaharu, pemimpin dan pendiri partai politik al-Nahdhah di Tunisia, tak syak lagi adalah salah seorang pelopor kebangkitan Islam kontemporer. Keberanian dan kepeloporannyanya berkontribusi dalam membangkitkan kesadaran dan kepedulian politis Islam terkait dengan akibat-akibat yang berbahaya dan jahat dari rejim otoriter Zainal Abidin Bin Ali di Tunisia. Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi kehidupan dan pemikirannya dengan fokus khusus pada pendekatannya terhadap demokrasi dan kesesuaiannya dengan Islam, kebebasan publik dan sipil, hak-hal politik warga non-Muslim di Negara Islam dan konsep legitimasi politik dalam pemikiran politik Islam

Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation driven by local hot spots: a Molecular Dynamics Study

We report a Molecular Dynamics study of homogenous bubble nucleation in a Lennard-Jones fluid. The rate of bubble nucleation is estimated using forward-flux sampling (FFS). We find that cavitation starts with compact bubbles rather than with ramified structures as had been suggested by Shen and Debenedetti (J. Chem. Phys. 111:3581, 1999). Our estimate of the bubble-nucleation rate is higher than predicted on the basis of Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). Our simulations show that local temperature fluctuations correlate strongly with subsequent bubble formation - this mechanism is not taken into account in CNT

Inorganic molecular sieves: Preparation, modification and industrial application in catalytic processes

[EN] The increasing environmental concern and promotion of “green processes” are forcing the substitution of traditional acid and base homogeneous catalysts by solid ones. Among these heterogeneous catalysts, zeolites and zeotypes can be considered as real “green” catalysts, due to their benign nature from an environmental point of view. The importance of these inorganic molecular sieves within the field of heterogeneous catalysis relies not only on their microporous structure and the related shape selectivity, but also on the flexibility of their chemical composition. Modification of the zeolite framework composition results in materials with acidic, basic or redox properties, whereas multifunctional catalysts can be obtained by introducing metals by ion exchange or impregnation procedures, that can catalyze hydrogenation–dehydrogenation reactions, and the number of commercial applications of zeolite based catalysts is continuously expanding. In this review we discuss determinant issues for the development of zeolite based catalysts, going from zeolite catalyst preparation up to their industrial application. Concerning the synthesis of microporous materials we present some of the new trends moving into larger pore structures or into organic free synthesis media procedures, thanks to the incorporation of novel organic templates or alternative framework elements, and to the use of high-throughput synthesis methods. Post-synthesis zeolite modification and final catalyst conformation for industrial use are briefly discussed. In a last section we give a thorough overview on the application of zeolites in industrial processes. Some of them are well established mature technologies, such as fluid catalytic cracking, hydrocracking or aromatics alkylation. Although the number of zeolite structures commercially used as heterogeneous catalysts in these fields is limited, the development of new catalysts is a continuous challenge due to the need for processing heavier feeds or for increasing the quality of the products. The application of zeolite based catalysts in the production of chemicals and fine chemicals is an emerging field, and will greatly depend on the discovery of new or known structures by alternative, lower cost, synthesis routes, and the fine tuning of their textural properties. Finally, biomass conversion and selective catalytic reduction for conversion of NOx are two active research fields, highlighting the interest in these potential industrial applications.The authors acknowledge financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (project Consolider-Ingenio 2010 MULTICAT).Martínez Sánchez, MC.; Corma Canós, A. (2011). Inorganic molecular sieves: Preparation, modification and industrial application in catalytic processes. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 255(13-14):1558-1580. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.014S1558158025513-1

WEB-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING PERCEPTION AND PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The significance of learners’ personality in language learning/teaching contexts has often been cited in literature but few studies have scrutinized the role it can play in technology-oriented language classes. In modern language teaching/learning contexts, personality differences are important and should be taken into account. This study determined university students’ introvert/extrovert personality types and examined their perception/ attitudes towards web-based language learning. The participants of the study who were selected through purposive sampling were 40 BA students of EFL, 22 female and 18 male. The participants attended blended classes that incorporated use of the Internet (Edublogs). Quantitative data were collected via the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (1975) and two modified web-based language learning attitude/perception questionnaires (Gilmore, 1998; Slate, Manuel, & Brinson, 2002). Interviews were conducted to reveal insights concerning the advantages/disadvantages of integrating use of the Internet from the participants’ perspectives. T-test analyses did not indicate significant differences in attitudes between extroverts and introverts. Qualitative results indicated most of the participants considered internal, external, and psychological factors associated with the Internet use to be motivating, exciting, and stimulating. The study has implications for teachers and practitioners, particularly in blended, language learning classrooms

Microwave reactor engineering of zeolites synthesis

Microwave chemistry has expanded over the last two decades due to the enhanced reaction rates achieved for many processes, including organic synthesis, inorganic synthesis and polymerization. Significant time and energy saving can be realized using microwave chemistry, which is important both commercially and for the environment. One of the most exciting and commercially/technologically significant areas where microwave energy has been demonstrated to influence the kinetics and selectivity is in the synthesis of nanoporous materials, such as zeolites. New nanoporous materials can be created, and the times for their syntheses can be significantly reduced, involving using less energy. By reducing the times by up to over an order of magnitude, continuous production would be possible to replace batch synthesis. However, the mechanism and engineering for the enhanced rates of these syntheses are unknown. The results from different laboratories are not consistent, and experimental details are sparse. Therefore, more research is required to unlock the mystery behind this “gee-wiz” chemistry. Furthermore, understanding the fundamental processes leading to rate enhancement by microwaves will also enable the optimization of these microwave heated reactions. In this work, the formation of SAPO-11 (and AlPO-11), silicalite and NaY zeolites under microwave heating was investigated and the influence of various microwave reactor engineering parameters was studied. Microwaves enhanced the SAPO-11 synthesis by two orders of magnitude over the conventional synthesis. Both nucleation and growth steps were enhanced by the presence of microwaves. Fast microwave heating was not solely responsible for this enhancement. This indicates that non-thermal interactions of material with microwaves are present for this synthesis. Many microwave reactor engineering parameters were identified as possibly influencing the microwave synthesis of SAPO-11 (and AlPO-11). These factors are precursor volume, reaction temperature, reactor size, stirring, applicator type and microwave frequency. Among those, the reaction temperature had the greatest influence on this SAPO-11 (and AlPO-11) synthesis. Increasing the reaction temperature decreased the nucleation time and increased the growth rate. The crystallization growth rate in the microwave synthesis showed higher activation energy (1.5 times) compared to the conventional synthesis. However, the pre-exponential factor increased by 8 orders of magnitude in the microwave synthesis. Nucleation rate also showed an increase in the activation energy (3.6 times) and an increase in the pre-exponential factor (10 orders of magnitude) by using microwave heating. This substantial increase in the pre-exponential factor could be the reason behind this microwave synthesis enhancement. High temperature, stirred synthesis, large vessel and using multimode field distribution oven found to be the optimum reaction conditions for microwave synthesis of SAPO-11 (and AlPO-11). Thermal variations within SAPO-11, silicalite and NaY synthesis solutions were measured using a reaction vessel with multiple fiberoptic temperature probes. NaY synthesis solution has the shortest microwave penetration depth among these zeolite synthesis solutions which led to great thermal variations between the region near the wall (high temperature) and the center (low temperature) when placed in a vessel with diameter 20 times larger than its penetration depth. Increasing these thermal variations led to a decrease in the nucleation time and thus enhanced this NaY microwave synthesis. Microwave power delivery mode (pulsed vs. continuous) effect on the synthesis of the three zeolites mentioned above was investigated. Pulsing the microwave power required less average power to maintain the synthesis reaction temperature compared to continuous delivery mode. No effect of using pulsed compared to continuous microwave power delivery was found on the nucleation time and the crystal growth for these zeolite syntheses. However, pulsed microwave power delivery produced smaller particles in the case of SAPO-11. The effect of simultaneous cooling effect on the microwave synthesis of SAPO-11 and silicalite was studied. Increasing the amount of power delivered to the SAPO-11 synthesis while maintaining the reaction temperature fixed using the simultaneous cooling, decreased the nucleation time and increased the growth rate. Smaller particles were formed at high power. Silicalite showed no change in the nucleation time, crystal growth and/or the morphology. This indicates that there is no universal pattern among the microwave synthesis of zeolites. What could be an important factor for one synthesis is not necessarily important for another, and is likely dependant on the dielectric properties and the reaction mechanism. Key words: Zeolite, SAPO-11, silicalite, NaY, microwave synthesis, nucleation, crystal growth, frequency, reactor engineering, overheating, temperature distribution, pulsing power delivery, simultaneous cooling

Necessity of changes in the Financial and Operational Accountability System of Public Universities and Identification of its Dimensions from the Experts and Academics View

The study is aimed to investigate the necessity of changes in the financial and operational accountability systems of public universities and to identify its dimensions while accepting financial and operational accountability system as a system consisting of various subsystems. This investigation is made  through obtaining views of 40 experts in the field of financial and operational accountability system changes in universities and 90 professors and graduate students of Tehran 's accounting department of public universities. To test the hypotheses, the study uses Binomial test and T-test. The results show that in the views of both groups, changes in financial and operational accountability system are necessary. In view of experts, for independence of universities, development dimensions in the bodies are different from those of other public sectors. Changes in financial and operational accountability system in public universities require a change in its financial accounting system, management accounting system establishment, and development of the financial and compliance audit to performance audit