Croyances des enseignants du primaire sur le handicap et conditions favorisant l’inclusion scolaire d’enfants en situation de handicap au Niger

In Niger, the schooling of children with disabilities is a central concern for school stakeholders, despite an unfavorable context for people with disabilities (INS, 2015). However, there are few studies on this issue. Moreover, we are not yet aware of any published studies on the perceptions of disability among primary school teachers in Niger. However, knowledge of these perceptions contributes to improving access and quality of schooling for children with disabilities. In this context, it is necessary to identify teachers' beliefs about disability and to analyze their views on the conditions that promote the enrollment of children with disabilities. This article presents the results of the quantitative part of a study through a questionnaire administered to 83 teachers representing all the teachers of the 8 pilot elementary school for students with disabilities in the city of Maradi. The adaptation and modification of teaching that teachers say they implement is a favorable condition for the schooling of children with disabilities. The question is whether in-service training of teachers plays a favorable role in the transformation of their practices in favor of inclusion.Au Niger, la scolarisation des enfants en situation de handicap est au centre des préoccupations des acteurs de l’école, malgré un contexte défavorable aux personnes handicapées (INS, 2015). Toutefois, les études sur cette question sont peu nombreuses. De plus, nous n’avons pas encore eu connaissance d’études publiées sur les perceptions du handicap chez les enseignants du primaire au Niger. Or, la connaissance de ces perceptions contribue à améliorer l’accès et la qualité de la scolarisation des enfants handicapés. Ce contexte nécessite donc d’identifier les croyances des enseignants sur le handicap et d’analyser leurs points de vue sur les conditions favorisant la scolarisation d’enfants  handicapés. Cet article  présente les résultats du volet quantitatif de d’une étude à travers un questionnaire administré à 83 enseignants représentant l’ensemble des enseignants des 8 écoles primaires pilotes accueillant des élèves en situation de handicap de la ville de Maradi. L’adaptation et la modification de l’enseignement que les enseignants disent mettre en œuvre constitue une condition favorable à la scolarisation des enfants en situation de handicap. L’interrogation consiste à chercher si la formation continue des enseignants joue un rôle favorable dans la transformation de leurs pratiques en faveur de l’inclusion

Croyances des enseignants du primaire sur le handicap et conditions favorisant l’inclusion scolaire d’enfants en situation de handicap au Niger

In Niger, the schooling of children with disabilities is a central concern for school stakeholders, despite an unfavorable context for people with disabilities (INS, 2015). However, there are few studies on this issue. Moreover, we are not yet aware of any published studies on the perceptions of disability among primary school teachers in Niger. However, knowledge of these perceptions contributes to improving access and quality of schooling for children with disabilities. In this context, it is necessary to identify teachers' beliefs about disability and to analyze their views on the conditions that promote the enrollment of children with disabilities. This article presents the results of the quantitative part of a study through a questionnaire administered to 83 teachers representing all the teachers of the 8 pilot elementary school for students with disabilities in the city of Maradi. The adaptation and modification of teaching that teachers say they implement is a favorable condition for the schooling of children with disabilities. The question is whether in-service training of teachers plays a favorable role in the transformation of their practices in favor of inclusion.Au Niger, la scolarisation des enfants en situation de handicap est au centre des préoccupations des acteurs de l’école, malgré un contexte défavorable aux personnes handicapées (INS, 2015). Toutefois, les études sur cette question sont peu nombreuses. De plus, nous n’avons pas encore eu connaissance d’études publiées sur les perceptions du handicap chez les enseignants du primaire au Niger. Or, la connaissance de ces perceptions contribue à améliorer l’accès et la qualité de la scolarisation des enfants handicapés. Ce contexte nécessite donc d’identifier les croyances des enseignants sur le handicap et d’analyser leurs points de vue sur les conditions favorisant la scolarisation d’enfants  handicapés. Cet article  présente les résultats du volet quantitatif de d’une étude à travers un questionnaire administré à 83 enseignants représentant l’ensemble des enseignants des 8 écoles primaires pilotes accueillant des élèves en situation de handicap de la ville de Maradi. L’adaptation et la modification de l’enseignement que les enseignants disent mettre en œuvre constitue une condition favorable à la scolarisation des enfants en situation de handicap. L’interrogation consiste à chercher si la formation continue des enseignants joue un rôle favorable dans la transformation de leurs pratiques en faveur de l’inclusion

Performance Evaluation of Hand-Held Olive Harvesters

The aim of this research was to evaluate three types of commonly used hand-held olive harvesters in small olive farms (pulsed motion double head olive harvester, hook type hand-held olive harvester and pneumatic comb olive harvester) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The specific objectives were to (a) determine the values of some olive plant parameters including physical-mechanical properties of fruit-stem system, natural frequency of the olive fruit-stem system and suitable shaking stroke), (b) establish and determine the values of the evaluation criteria which included machine productivity, fruit removal percentage, fruit damage, specific consumed energy and olive harvesting cost, (c) determine the quality characteristic for each criterion, (d) assign the evaluating criteria their relative weights, (e ) perform field experiments to assess the performance of the three harvesters and (f) calculate the value of overall evaluation criterion. The study was carried out during the period of 2017-2018. The average values of natural frequency were 30.1, 28.1 and 24.0 Hz for full mature stage, half-ripe and full-ripe fruits, respectively. The estimated values of damping ratio were 0.103, 0.103 and 0.106 for full mature stage, half-ripe and full-ripe fruits respectively. The estimated shaking stroke was about 70 mm. The highest values of machine productivity (88.4 kg.h-1) and fruit removal percentage (98.0%) were found with the pulsed motion double head olive harvester at the speed of 1500 rpm while the lowest value of machine productivity (55.6 kg.h-1) and  fruit removal percentage (62.4%) were found with the hook type olive harvester at the 24 Hz frequency and 70 mm stroke. The highest fruit damage (5.5-6.6) was observed with the pulse motion double head harvester while the lowest fruit damage (2.0-2.5%) was observed with the hook type harvester. The specific consumed energy values ranged from 17.0 to 27.0 W.h.kg-1. The total harvesting costs were 3.62, 3.65 and 3.69 $.h-1 for the pulse motion double head harvester, the hook type harvester and the pneumatic comb harvester, respectively. The results showed that the highest value of overall evaluation criterion (OEC) was 84.9 for the pulsed motion double head olive harvester at speed of 1500 rpm). Also, the values of OEC of the pulsed motion double head olive harvester for the other two speeds (1100 and 1300 rpm) outperformed the other harvesters (at all treatments). The higher OEC of the pulse motion double head olive harvester was due to the low operating costs and increased fruit removal percentage. Based on OEC, the pulsed motion double head olive harvester came first (OEC in the range of 70.2.5-84.9 %), followed by the pneumatic comb olive harvester (OEC in the range of 42.8-70.2 %) and the hook type olive harvester olive harvesters (OEC in the range of 13.9-54.3%)

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Minimal aeration of swine manure for odor control.

A race track type oxidation ditch with a disc aerator was constructed on a model scale. Tests were conducted in deionized water to study the effect of some disc design parameters and system operating parameters on the oxygen transfer rate was affected by the disc speed, disc thickness, hole diameter, immersion depth and number of discs operated in parallel.The effect of the manure concentration on the microbial growth was investigated in a batch culture operation. High manure concentration had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth.Data from batch culture operation were used to design a continuous culture operation. The latter was used to evaluate the concept of minimal aeration of swine manure for odor control. The effluent quality (as measured by odor level and the concentrations of COD, nitrogenous componds and solids) was dependent on the initial manure concentration and on the retention time. The effluent from the ditch was free of offensive odor and can be spread on land without causing odor pollution problem

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

Background: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit