Anrikning av vitamin A og cholesterol fra marine oljer ved molekylardestillasjon.

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Contrasting changes in palatability following senescence of the lichenized fungi Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata

Epiphytic lichens can contribute significantly to ecosystem nutrient input because they efficiently accumulate atmospheric mineral nutrients and, in the case of cyanolichens, also fix nitrogen. The rate at which carbon and other nutrients gained by lichens enters the ecosystem is determined by lichen litter decomposability and by invertebrate consumption of lichen litter. In turn, these processes are driven by the secondary compounds present in senesced lichens. Therefore, we explored how lichen palatability and concentrations of secondary compounds change with tissue senescence for Lobaria pulmonaria, a green algal lichen with cyanobacterial cephalodia, and L. scrobiculata, a cyanobacterial lichen. During senescence both lichens lost 38-48% of their stictic acid chemosyndrome, while m-scrobiculin and usnic acid in L. scrobiculata remained unchanged. Snails preferred senesced rather than fresh L. pulmonaria, while senesced L. scrobiculata were avoided. This provides evidence that species with labile secondary compounds will have higher turnover rates, through consumption and decomposition, than those producing more stable secondary compounds

Factors influencing epiphytic moss and lichen distribution within Killarney National Park

The niches of epiphytes are widely studied and have been shown to be complex involving interspecific competition, succession and predation. This study is unique in that it applies the niche concept to moss and lichen distributions within Killarney National Park, Kerry, Ireland. We studied 75 trees between three pristine ancient woodlands and measured a range of physical and biological factors to ascertain influences on epiphyte cover. The species of tree was found as the principal determinant in community structure as it bioengineers conditions such as light, temperature and humidity that the epiphytes are reliant upon. Furthermore, the bark character and trunk circumference were important. Zonation of the epiphytes was apparent with both aspect and height on the trunk. Typically, moss dominated over lichen within a niche that was relatively sheltered. Lichen tolerated drier and lighter niches often being further up the trunk on sun facing aspects. Ultimately, there was succession up the tree mediated through competition. This study highlights the complexity and interrelatedness between biotic and abiotic factors in a relatively unstudied geographical and biological area. Understanding agents behind a population's distribution enables manipulation for conservation or sustainable exploitation

Experimental transplants reveal strong environmental effects on the growth of non-vascular epiphytes in Afromontane Forests

Transplant studies can provide valuable information on the growth responses of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens to environmental factors. We studied the growth of six epiphyte species at three sites in moist Afromontane forests of Taita Hills, Kenya. With 558 pendant transplants we documented the growth of the selected four bryophytes and two lichens over the time course of one year. The transplants were placed into the lower canopy of one forest site in an upper montane zone and two forest sites in a lower montane zone. Several pendant moss species grew very well in the cool and humid environment of the upper montane forest, with some transplants more than doubling their biomass during the year. Conversely, all transplanted taxa performed poorly in the lower montane zone, presumably because of the unfavorable combination of ample moisture but excessive warmth and insufficient light which characterizes lower canopy habitats in dense lower montane forests. The results demonstrate that transplantation studies with pendant transplants can be used for monitoring growth of nonvascular epiphytes in tropical forests. The start weight of 0.25 g for pendant transplants worked well and can be recommended for future studies.Peer reviewe

Ansvar for sykepleien til pasienten i kliniske studier

Artikkelen omhandler erfaringer fra et prosjekt der sykepleiestudenter overtar ansvaret for sengeposter i somatisk sykehus i slutten av andre studieår ved bachelor i sykepleie. Studentene har gjennom flere år evaluert prosjektet svært godt. I artikkelen ønsker vi å løfte frem studentenes erfaringer med samarbeid i praksisfellesskap, og slik formidle kunnskap om kliniske praksisstudier. Studien har en kvalitativ tilnærming og er basert på åpne spørsmål i en spørreskjemaundersøkelse med fokus på studenters samarbeidserfaringer. Resultater fra studien viser at å få ansvar i kliniske studier bidrar til at studentene må samarbeide med hverandre. Samarbeidet fører videre til at de deler kunnskaper og erfaringer med hverandre. Denne gjensidige avhengigheten av hverandre i teamet på sengeposten bidrar til at studenten blir tryggere i sykepleierrollen. Å få ansvar for sykepleien til pasienten i kliniske studier bidrar til samarbeid, trygghet og identitet, noe som er viktig for utvikling av sykepleiestudenten som fagperson, viser studien

Fine spatial pattern of an epiphytic lichen species is affected by habitat conditions in two forest types in the Iberian Mediterranean region

Persistence and abundance of species is determined by habitat availability and the ability to disperse and colonize habitats at contrasting spatial scales. Favourable habitat fragments are also heterogeneous in quality, providing differing opportunities for establishment and affecting the population dynamics of a species. Based on these principles, we suggest that the presence and abundance of epiphytes may reflect their dispersal ability, which is primarily determined by the spatial structure of host trees, but also by host quality. To our knowledge there has been no explicit test of the importance of host tree spatial pattern for epiphytes in Mediterranean forests. We hypothesized that performance and host occupancy in a favourable habitat depend on the spatial pattern of host trees, because this pattern affects the dispersal ability of each epiphyte and it also determines the availability of suitable sites for establishment. We tested this hypothesis using new point pattern analysis tools and generalized linear mixed models to investigate the spatial distribution and performance of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, which inhabits two types of host trees (beeches and Iberian oaks). We tested the effects on L. pulmonaria distribution of tree size, spatial configuration, and host tree identity. We built a model including tree size, stand structure, and several neighbourhood predictors to understand the effect of host tree on L. pulmonaria. We also investigated the relative importance of spatial patterning on the presence and abundance of the species, independently of the host tree configuration. L. pulmonaria distribution was highly dependent on habitat quality for successful establishment, i.e., tree species identity, tree diameter, and several forest stand structure surrogates. For beech trees, tree diameter was the main factor influencing presence and cover of the lichen, although larger lichen-colonized trees were located close to focal trees, i.e., young trees. However, oak diameter was not an important factor, suggesting that bark roughness at all diameters favoured lichen establishment. Our results indicate that L. pulmonaria dispersal is not spatially restricted, but it is dependent on habitat quality. Furthermore, new spatial analysis tools suggested that L. pulmonaria cover exhibits a distinct pattern, although the spatial pattern of tree position and size was random

Morphological, photosynthetic and water relations traits underpin the contrasting success of two tropical lichen groups at the interior and edge of forest fragments

Microclimatic edge effects and morpho-physiological characteristics are shaping lichen functional group distribution. Thus, lichen functional groups may be used as indicator for forest disturbanc