Internacionalización de empresas latinas: evolución y tendencias

The purpose of this study is to conduct a systemic analysis of research on the internationalization of Latin American companies.  For this purpose, network analysis is carried out, complemented with bibliometric tools, thus achieving the identification of the perspectives on the subject. Initially, a thematic search was done in the WoS and Scopus databases; the references obtained were processed through bibliometrix and Gephi, facilitating the classification of the documents according to their relevance in three categories, classical, structural and recent, and finally, a quotation analysis is made. This last procedure allowed the identification of four main perspectives in the area: diversification and performance, entrepreneurship, exports and market, strategies, and competition.El propósito de este estudio es realizar un análisis sistémico de las investigaciones sobre internacionalización de empresas Latinas.  Para ello, se efectúa un análisis de red complementado con herramientas bibliométricas, logrando así, la identificación de las perspectivas del tema. Inicialmente, se efectuó la búsqueda temática en las bases de datos WoS y Scopus; las referencias obtenidas fueron procesadas mediante bibliometrix y Gephi, facilitando la clasificación de los documentos según su relevancia en tres categorías, clásicos, estructurales y recientes, finalmente se realiza un análisis de cocitaciones. Este último procedimiento permitió identificar cuatro perspectivas principales en el área: diversificación y desempeño, emprendimiento, exportaciones y mercado, estrategias y competencia

Latin companies’ internationalization: evolution and trends

El propósito de este estudio es realizar un análisis sistémico de las investigaciones sobre internacionalización de empresas Latinas.  Para ello, se efectúa un análisis de red complementado con herramientas bibliométricas, logrando así, la identificación de las perspectivas del tema. Inicialmente, se efectuó la búsqueda temática en las bases de datos WoS y Scopus; las referencias obtenidas fueron procesadas mediante bibliometrix y Gephi, facilitando la clasificación de los documentos según su relevancia en tres categorías, clásicos, estructurales y recientes, finalmente se realiza un análisis de cocitaciones. Este último procedimiento permitió identificar cuatro perspectivas principales en el área: diversificación y desempeño, emprendimiento, exportaciones y mercado, estrategias y competencia.The purpose of this study is to conduct a systemic analysis of research on the internationalization of Latin American companies.  For this purpose, network analysis is carried out, complemented with bibliometric tools, thus achieving the identification of the perspectives on the subject. Initially, a thematic search was done in the WoS and Scopus databases; the references obtained were processed through bibliometrix and Gephi, facilitating the classification of the documents according to their relevance in three categories, classical, structural and recent, and finally, a quotation analysis is made. This last procedure allowed the identification of four main perspectives in the area: diversification and performance, entrepreneurship, exports and market, strategies, and competition

Mapping of fish spawning in the North Sea — Report of the KINO-2 project for 2018

Increased and updated knowledge of reproductive strategies of fish is crucial to optimize the temporal and spatial planning for conducting seismic surveys; in order to reduce its potential negative ecosystems impacts. The overarching goal of this study is to investigate the current spawning times and locations for the North Sea fish stocks. Molecular barcode and traditional visual taxonomic analyses were performed on eggs and larvae, systematically collected with plankton nets along a south to north axis in the North Sea. This report describes the establishments of methodology employed and preliminary results based on samples collected during August 2017 to September 2018. In total, 129 samples have been analysed from which 22 different fish taxa are identified. Based on historic data and published literature, our results agree with the expected number of the most prevalent fish species breeding in the North Sea. Both the taxonomic and molecular methods used, demonstrate similar results in the identification of taxonomic groups. The results further demonstrate that the molecular taxonomic approach is more appropriate for identification to species levels for some taxonomic groups, whilst the identification of egg and larvae developmental stages can only be performed using the visual taxonomic method. The two techniques complement each other to provide a detailed description of the annual fish spawning cycle for the main North Sea species. There are already emerging patterns evident in the results on the timing for breeding in some species at certain areas. However, improvements of the sampling methodology are still required, and an increased number of samples collected systematically over an extended time-period must be accomplished in order to provide appropriate data as basis for advice in timing of seismic surveys.publishedVersio

Body Size Evolution in Extant Oryzomyini Rodents: Cope's Rule or Miniaturization?

At the macroevolutionary level, one of the first and most important hypotheses that proposes an evolutionary tendency in the evolution of body sizes is “Cope's rule". This rule has considerable empirical support in the fossil record and predicts that the size of species within a lineage increases over evolutionary time. Nevertheless, there is also a large amount of evidence indicating the opposite pattern of miniaturization over evolutionary time. A recent analysis using a single phylogenetic tree approach and a Bayesian based model of evolution found no evidence for Cope's rule in extant mammal species. Here we utilize a likelihood-based phylogenetic method, to test the evolutionary trend in body size, which considers phylogenetic uncertainty, to discern between Cope's rule and miniaturization, using extant Oryzomyini rodents as a study model. We evaluated body size trends using two principal predictions: (a) phylogenetically related species are more similar in their body size, than expected by chance; (b) body size increased (Cope's rule)/decreased (miniaturization) over time. Consequently the distribution of forces and/or constraints that affect the tendency are homogenous and generate this directional process from a small/large sized ancestor. Results showed that body size in the Oryzomyini tribe evolved according to phylogenetic relationships, with a positive trend, from a small sized ancestor. Our results support that the high diversity and specialization currently observed in the Oryzomyini tribe is a consequence of the evolutionary trend of increased body size, following and supporting Cope's rule

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030