Psicopatía y psicopatologías: ¿Puede conceptualizarse la psicopatía como trastorno mental?

Psychopathy is a clinical-forensic, reliable, and valid construct that has been most studied empirically in clinical, legal-forensic, and subclinical contexts. This article examines the current profile of psychopathy and its remarkable distinctions with psychopathologies or mental disorders. Knowledge about historical conceptions and categorical versus dimensional perspectives of psychopathy, emphasizes that this construct has come to be associated with antisocial behavior, crime, and mental disorders. The links between psychopathy and these concepts have been the subject of fervent theoretical debates, which have been cleared up by several empirical studies. This article highlights the main nuances, and some suggestions are given in order for clinicians, forensics, and researchers to converge as to controversial issues which are already resolved in relation to psychopathy, in a singular mode, and to the various psychopathologies, in a plural mode.La psicopatía es un constructo clínico-forense, válido y fiable que ha venido siendo estudiado empíricamente en contextos clínicos, jurídico-forenses y subclínicos. Este artículo analiza el perfil actual de la psicopatía y sus notables distinciones con las psicopatologías o trastornos mentales. El conocimiento sobre las concepciones históricas y las perspectivas categorial versus dimensional de la psicopatía ponen de relieve que este constructo ha venido siendo relacionado con conductas antisociales, delitos y trastornos mentales. Las relaciones entre la psicopatía y estos diversos tópicos han sido objeto de enconados debates teóricos, los cuales han sido disipados a través de numerosas investigaciones empíricas. Este artículo subraya los principales matices al respecto, y se describen algunas sugerencias con objeto de que clínicos, forenses e investigadores traten de confluir en aspectos polémicos ya resueltos al referirse tanto a la psicopatía, en singular, como a las diversas psicopatologías, en plural.

Critically short telomeres and toxicity of chemotherapy in early breast cancer

Cumulative toxicity from weekly paclitaxel (myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue) compromises long-term administration. Preclinical data suggest that the burden of critically short telomeres ( 21.9% CSTs) had 2-fold higher number of neuropathy (P = 0.04) or fatigue (P = 0.019) episodes and >3-fold higher number of myalgia episodes (P = 0.005). The average telomere length was unrelated to the incidence of side effects.The percentage of CSTs, but not the average telomere size, is associated with weekly paclitaxel-derived toxicity.This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria [FIS PI10/00288 and FIS PI13/00430]; AECC Scientific Foundation [Beca de Retorno-2010, to MQF]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Projects [SAF2013-45111-R]; Madrid Regional Government Projects [S2010/BMD- 2303]; AXA Research Found; Fundación Botin; AVON Spain; and Boehringer-Ingelheim Spain.S

Brain Food Recipes

Much is said about nutrition, and for a relatively short time we have been talking about the importance of nutrition on the brain and, therefore, on cognitive performance. A correct diet in sports performance is a priority, but will it guarantee success in competitions? Obviously not, but a wrong diet, almost certainly, will lead us to a sporting and health disaster. The same premise applies to cognitive performance. Will eating properly guarantee academic results? No, but it will facilitate better neuronal connections, more fluid information, and better oxygenation of the brain, which in the end will allow us to obtain better cognitive results. And these behaviours should be avoided in conditions where students are confined for long periods of study during exams, due to illness or any other academic activity. This is why the importance of sociodemographic factors in the dietary preferences of children at an early age is vital. We could even go further by echoing the findings of some studies that suggest that poor food choices, rich in saturated fat, salt and sugar, in preschool age are associated with reduced verbal and cognitive ability scores. Sometimes opinions emerge as to whether breakfast is appropriate or not, in which case the balance strongly shifts more toward “ adequate” breakfast. We wanted to go a bit further by analysing the different ingredients that influence the various brain functions and/or connections, for their integration into students’ daily diets. But to integrate this model it is not enough to tell the students what is right and what is not, but in this case, we have intended that they are the ones who discover them; and use them to develop different recipes so that the message reaches the rest of their classmates better. We hope that this initiative will continue over time, passing the baton to the next generations.Brain food ProjectIntertational School SEKCatergestFundación Felipe Segovi

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Nutritional status of iodine in pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain): study on hygiene-dietetic habits and iodine in urine

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is a priority to achieve an adequate nutritional status of iodine during pregnancy since iodine deficiency in this population may have repercussions on the mother during both gestation and post partum as well as on the foetus, the neonate and the child at different ages. According to the WHO, iodine deficiency is the most frequent cause of mental retardation and irrreversible cerebral lesions around the world. However, few studies have been published on the nutritional status of iodine in the pregnant population within the Primary Care setting, a health care level which plays an essential role in the education and control of pregnant women. Therefore, <b>the aim of the present study </b>is: 1.- To know the hygiene-dietetic habits related to the intake of foods rich in iodine and smoking during pregnancy. 2.- To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency and the factors associated with its appearance during pregnancy.</p> <p>Methods/design</p> <p>We will perform a cluster randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. Randomisation unit: Primary Care Team. Study population: 898 pregnant women over the age of 17 years attending consultation to a midwife during the first trimester of pregnancy in the participating primary care centres. Outcome measures: consumption of iodine-rich foods and iodine deficiency. Points of assessment: each trimester of the gestation. Intervention: group education during the first trimester of gestation on healthy hygiene-dietetic habits and the importance of an adequate iodine nutritional status. Statistical analysis: descriptive analysis of all variables will be performed as well as multilevel logistic regression. All analyses will be done carried out on an intention to treat basis and will be fitted for potential confounding factors and variables of clinical importance.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Evidence of generalised iodine deficiency during pregnancy could lead to the promotion of interventions of prevention such as how to improve and intensify health care educational programmes for pregnant women.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01301768">NCT01301768</a></p

The European Solar Telescope

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l'Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems

Iberoamerican Reviews

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