Migration and Metamorphosis in Marie Ndiaye\u27s Trois Femmes Puissantes

In her 2009 Goncourt-Prize-winning novel, Trois femmes puissantes (Three Strong Women), Marie Ndiaye experiments with a polyphonic, semi-fantastical rendering of identity-threatening displacements experienced by three women from different socio-geographic backgrounds. In a brief Counterpoint at the end of each of the novel\u27s three sections--a narrative take on the musical technique employed by Ndiaye to introduce new focalizations and unexpected turns of events that complicate interpretations of the characters\u27 behavior--each of the women is perceived as metamorphosed into a bird or a birdlike persona. This essay examines the innovative embedding of the shape-shifts in Trois femmes puissantes in both harrowing socio-political realities and the ambiguities of the fantastic and superstition to convey the dehumanizing, unequal power relations governing contemporary women\u27s migration struggles

2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health

ABSTRACT: Understanding the nature of the infant's internal experience is a crucial prerequisite for delineating the developmental effects of an early trauma. In addition, to the extent that internal representations of a trauma can be traced over time, traumatic experiences present unique opportunities for the study of early memory. This article will describe case vignettes of children who experienced a trauma in the preverbal period and who evidenced forms of memory of their trauma at subsequent points in time. In conjunction with the clinical material, developmental research bearing on the types of early memories described will be discussed. The clinical data, reinforced by research findings, indicate that preverbal children, even in the first year of life, can establish and retain some form of internal representation of a traumatic event over significant periods of time. The specificity and enduring nature of the internal representations suggest that specific therapeutic interventions over and above general comforting will be required if an infant is to maximally recover from a trauma. The clinical findings have relevance for a number of issues currently under debate in the area of infant memory, including the role of reminders in memory retention, the nature of early memory systems, and the development of autobiographical memory. RESUMEN: Comprender la naturaleza de la experiencia interna del infante es un prerequisito crucial para delinear los efectos del desarrollo sobre un trauma que haya aparecido tempranamente. Adicionalmente, hasta el punto de que el camino de las representaciones internas de un trauma puede seguirse con el tiempo, las experiencias traumáticas presentan oportunidades únicas para el estudio de la memoria al principio. Este estudio describirá casos de niños que experimentaron un trauma en el perído preverbal y que dieron muestra de formas de memoria de su trauma en subsecuentes puntos temporales. Conjuntamente con el material clínico, se discutirá también la investigación sobre el desarrollo que parte de los tipos de primeras memorias descritos. La información clínica, reforzada por los resultados de la investigación, indica que los niños en el perído preverbal, aun en el primer año de vida, pueden establecer y retener alguna forma de representación interna de un evento traumático durante significativos períodos de tiempo. La especificidad y la naturaleza de aguante de las representaciones internas sugieren que si un infante se va a recobrar al máximo de su trauma, se requerirán intervenciones terapéuticas específicas muy por encima del nivel general de ofrecerle un simple consuelo. Los resultados clínicos son relevantes en cuanto a un número de asuntos que actualmente se encuentra en debate en el área de la memoria infantil, incluyendo el papel de las advertencias recordatorias en la retención de la memoria, la naturaleza de los primeros sistemas de memoria, así como el desarrollo de la memoria autobiográfica. • T.J. Gaensbauer RÉ SUMÉ : Comprendre la nature de l'expérience interne du nourrison est crucial pour délimiter les effets d'un traumatisme précoce sur le développement. De plus, dans la mesure où les représentations internes d'un traumatisme peuvent être tracées au fil du temps, les expériences traumatiques présentent des opportunités uniques pour l'étude de la mémoire précoce. Cette étude décrit des vignettes de cas d'enfants qui ont vécu un traumatisme durant la période préverbale et qui, ultérieurement, ont présenté des évidences de formes de souvenirs de leur traumatisme. Conjointement avec la documentation clinique, les recherches en matière de développement portant sur les sortes de souvenirs précoces décrits seront discutés. Les données cliniques, renforcées par les résultats de recherche, indiquent que les enfants préverbaux, même durant leur première année, peuvent établir et retenir une forme de représentation interne d'un événement traumatique, et ceci pendant de grandes périodes. La spécificité et la nature durable des représentations internes suggèrent que des interventions thérapeutiques spécifiques allant bien au delà d'un simple ré-confort seront nécessaires à la récupération maximale du nourrisson après un traumatisme. Les résultats cliniques sont importants pour certains problèmes faisant actuellement l'objet d'un débat dans le domaine de la mémoire du nourrisson, dont par exemple le rôle des rappels dans la rétention de la mémoire, la nature des systèmes de la mémoire précoce, et le développement de la mémoire autobiographique

A METHOD FOR REDUCING ALLIGATORING DURING THE HOT ROLING PROCESS OF ALUMINUM INGOTS

The embodiments described herein rely on the ability to cast a distinct alloy into the head of an ingot, and to secure a reliable metallurgical bond between the parent alloy of the ingot and the softer alloy. The timing of the addition of the distinct alloy and the composition of the distinct alloy are important for success, and in turn reduction in the alligatoring defect

Identity change and the human dissection experience over the first year of medical training

The aim of this study is to explore identity change in medical students over their first year of medical training, particularly in relation to their experience of human dissection. Each of our four participants completed two repertory grids at the end of term one and, again, towards the end of term three. One grid tapped their identity construction, and the other, their experience of human dissection. Our participants were optimistic about becoming similar to a doctor they admired and, towards the end of term three, began to develop a stable identity as a medical student. Their identity constructs involved three common themes: dedication, competence, and responsibility. However, the data also revealed negative reactions to the demands of training, such as feeling driven and stressed. Three major themes were apparent in their experience of human dissection: involvement, emotional coping, and ability. Our participants’ dedication to their studies was reflected in their appreciation of the need to become involved actively in the process of dissection but some experienced an erosion of their self-confidence and perceived some of their colleagues to have lost much of their enthusiasm for learning. Emotional coping could be an additional challenge within this context and their reaction tended to reflect distancing processes previously identified in the literature. In all, we see a development of a vulnerable sense of professionalism alongside a frustration of losing out potentially on wider aspects of personal development due to the high work demands

Gender differences in the correlates of reactive aggression

The main aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between four psychopathy dimensions (Interpersonal Manipulation, Callous Affect, Erratic Lifestyle, and Antisocial Behaviour) as well as childhood exposure to violence and reactive aggression in men and women. Participants were a sample of working adults (N = 319) recruited from the University of Security in Poznan. Results indicated that reactive aggression among males formed significant associations with Erratic Lifestyle, Interpersonal Manipulation, and childhood exposure to violence. Only one variable, Erratic Lifestyle, was a significant correlate of reactive aggression in females. These findings are discussed in light of theory and previous research findings. © 2015 Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Psychological Sciences

Associations Between Eight Earth Observation-Derived Climate Variables and Enteropathogen Infection : An Independent Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Surveillance Studies With Broad Spectrum Nucleic Acid Diagnostics

Diarrheal disease, still a major cause of childhood illness, is caused by numerous, diverse infectious microorganisms, which are differentially sensitive to environmental conditions. Enteropathogen-specific impacts of climate remain underexplored. Results from 15 studies that diagnosed enteropathogens in 64,788 stool samples from 20,760 children in 19 countries were combined. Infection status for 10 common enteropathogens-adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, Campylobacter, ETEC, Shigella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia-was matched by date with hydrometeorological variables from a global Earth observation dataset-precipitation and runoff volume, humidity, soil moisture, solar radiation, air pressure, temperature, and wind speed. Models were fitted for each pathogen, accounting for lags, nonlinearity, confounders, and threshold effects. Different variables showed complex, non-linear associations with infection risk varying in magnitude and direction depending on pathogen species. Rotavirus infection decreased markedly following increasing 7-day average temperatures-a relative risk of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.69-0.85) above 28 degrees C-while ETEC risk increased by almost half, 1.43 (1.36-1.50), in the 20-35 degrees C range. Risk for all pathogens was highest following soil moistures in the upper range. Humidity was associated with increases in bacterial infections and decreases in most viral infections. Several virus species' risk increased following lower-than-average rainfall, while rotavirus and ETEC increased with heavier runoff. Temperature, soil moisture, and humidity are particularly influential parameters across all enteropathogens, likely impacting pathogen survival outside the host. Precipitation and runoff have divergent associations with different enteric viruses. These effects may engender shifts in the relative burden of diarrhea-causing agents as the global climate changes. Plain Language Summary Diarrheal disease is a big health problem for children. It can be caused by different bugs, which can be caught more easily in certain weather conditions, though not much is understood about this because the climate varies so much from one place to the next. This study combined data from many different countries where diarrhea-causing bugs were diagnosed in children's stool. Satellites recorded what the weather was like on the day each sample was collected. Rotavirus is easiest to catch in cold weather and when water washes over the ground after rain. Dry weather also makes it and other viruses easy to catch. Bacteria spread best when the air is warm and humid, and the soil moist, though one type of E. coli can also be spread in rainwater. Climate change will make dry places drier, wet places wetter and everywhere warmer. This might lead to more diarrhea caused by bacteria and less by viruses in some places, though places with moist soil might see more of every kind of bug.Peer reviewe