Uno studio sulle domande e sulle risposte negli esami dibattimentali del processo Marta Russo

ItLo scopo del presente lavoro è replicare sul processo Marta Russo un ricerca già effettuata su un altro contesto processuale italiano, per verificare una serie di ipotesi tratte dalle letteratura internazionale riguardanti: la distribuzione delle domande e delle risposte; l'influenza di fattori contestuali (fase dell'esame, ruolo legale, ruolo processuale del teste, tipo di teste) sulle di esse; gli effetti delle domande sulle risposte. Il campione è formato da 8 ore di interrogatori video-registrati, trascritti e osservati sistematicamente. Le analisi sono state eseguite con tecniche non parametriche, anche di tipo sequenziale. Molti risultati sono in accordo con quelli emersi nella prima ricerca e nella letteratura internazionale. In particolare, si conferma l'influenza coercitiva dei diversi tipi di domanda sulla lunghezza della risposta ma non sulla tipologia di risposta.EnThe aim of the study was to reply on the Marta Russo criminal trial the results obtained by a previous Italian research, and by international literature. Main hypotheses were on: distribution of answers and questions; influence of contextual factors (different kinds of examinations, legal roles, formal roles of witnesses, and kind of witnesses) on them; and the influences of questions on answers. A sample of 8 video-recorded hours was transcribed and systematically observed. Main results are in line with the previous research and the international literature. Particularly, it is verified the coercive influence of questions on length of answers rather than on kinds of answers.FrLe but de ce travail est d'analyser le processus criminel de Marta Russo à propos d'une enquête déjà réalisée sur un jugement divers à contexte italien, pour vérifier une série des suppositions libellées sur la littérature internationale dépouillant: la répartition des questions et des réponses; l'enfluence sur les facteurs du contexte (étape de l'examen, rôle légale, rôle du jugement des témoins et genre des témoins) sur ceux-ci ; les effets des questions sur les réponses. (L'échantillonnage) L'interrogatoire est le travail de 8 heures enregistré sur bande vidéo, libellé et examiné systématiquement. Les analyses exécutées avec méthodes sans paramètres, aussi de type séquentiel. Beaucoup des résultats sont en accord avec ceux déjà trouvés à la première recherche et dans la littérature internationale. Notamment on confirme l'influence coercitive des divers types des questions sur la longueur de la réponse mais pas à la typologie de la réponse

A Study on Convergence, Divergence and Maintenance in OCD Patients

The aim of this study was to verify if patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) adopted self-referential and non-adherent interactive modalities, during face-to-face conversation, to a higher extent as compared with subjects who did not have a diagnosis of OCD. For this purpose, four subjects with OCD and four age, sex and education matched Normal Controls (NC) underwent a semi-structured interview. The video-taped records have been evaluated and coded by means of the Initiative-Response Analysis system (I-R). The interview allowed us to obtain indexes of interactive strategies, namely, convergence, divergence and maintenance, which have been interpreted in the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) framework. Subjects with OCD, as compared with both NC and interviewers, mainly used Maintenance strategy, indicating a non-adherence to turns and an over-reliance on their own turns, thus neglecting the partners' contribution. This kind of strategy exclusively correlated with the scores of the Y-BOCS compulsion subscale. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that communication in subjects with OCD relies on particular strategies and support the view that communication is strongly correlated with "personological" variables. This hypothesis may be incorporated (not being incompatible with) in the CAT framework

Cross-cultural study of problematic Internet use in nine European countries

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships between Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and time spent online, online activities and psychopathology, by taking cross-cultural and gender differences into account. The second objective was to provide the prevalence estimate of PIU among European Internet users. Our total sample consisted of 5593 Internet users (2129 men and 3464 women) of nine European countries, aged between 18 and 87 years old (M = 25.81; SD = 8.61). Recruited online, they completed several scales about their Internet use and psychopathology. PIU was related to time spent online at weekends, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hostility and paranoid ideation among the total sample of women; among men phobic anxiety was also significant. Regression analyses performed in each sample also suggest the importance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (in seven samples), somatization (four samples) and hostility (three samples). Many cross-cultural and gender differences have been observed in terms of relationships with psychopathology and online activities. Prevalence estimates of PIU ranged between 14.3% and 54.9%. PIU was more prevalent among women in the respective samples, including the total sample. This European research highlights relevant relationships between PIU, psychopathology and time spent online, as important differences with regards to these variables in respective samples. This study's cross-cultural design also allows a better understanding of gender differences in PIU

Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has had devastating effects on the Ukrainian population and the global economy, environment, and political order. However, little is known about the psychological states surrounding the outbreak of war, particularly the mental well-being of individuals outside Ukraine. Here, we present a longitudinal experience-sampling study of a convenience sample from 17 European countries (total participants = 1,341, total assessments = 44,894, countries with >100 participants = 5) that allows us to track well-being levels across countries during the weeks surrounding the outbreak of war. Our data show a significant decline in well-being on the day of the Russian invasion. Recovery over the following weeks was associated with an individual’s personality but was not statistically significantly associated with their age, gender, subjective social status, and political orientation. In general, well-being was lower on days when the war was more salient on social media. Our results demonstrate the need to consider the psychological implications of the Russo-Ukrainian war next to its humanitarian, economic, and ecological consequences

A global experience-sampling method study of well-being during times of crisis : The CoCo project

We present a global experience-sampling method (ESM) study aimed at describing, predicting, and understanding individual differences in well-being during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This international ESM study is a collaborative effort of over 60 interdisciplinary researchers from around the world in the “Coping with Corona” (CoCo) project. The study comprises trait-, state-, and daily-level data of 7490 participants from over 20 countries (total ESM measurements = 207,263; total daily measurements = 73,295) collected between October 2021 and August 2022. We provide a brief overview of the theoretical background and aims of the study, present the applied methods (including a description of the study design, data collection procedures, data cleaning, and final sample), and discuss exemplary research questions to which these data can be applied. We end by inviting collaborations on the CoCo dataset

Happiness around the world: A combined etic-emic approach across 63 countries.

What does it mean to be happy? The vast majority of cross-cultural studies on happiness have employed a Western-origin, or "WEIRD" measure of happiness that conceptualizes it as a self-centered (or "independent"), high-arousal emotion. However, research from Eastern cultures, particularly Japan, conceptualizes happiness as including an interpersonal aspect emphasizing harmony and connectedness to others. Following a combined emic-etic approach (Cheung, van de Vijver & Leong, 2011), we assessed the cross-cultural applicability of a measure of independent happiness developed in the US (Subjective Happiness Scale; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and a measure of interdependent happiness developed in Japan (Interdependent Happiness Scale; Hitokoto & Uchida, 2015), with data from 63 countries representing 7 sociocultural regions. Results indicate that the schema of independent happiness was more coherent in more WEIRD countries. In contrast, the coherence of interdependent happiness was unrelated to a country's "WEIRD-ness." Reliabilities of both happiness measures were lowest in African and Middle Eastern countries, suggesting these two conceptualizations of happiness may not be globally comprehensive. Overall, while the two measures had many similar correlates and properties, the self-focused concept of independent happiness is "WEIRD-er" than interdependent happiness, suggesting cross-cultural researchers should attend to both conceptualizations