A contabilidade enquanto instrumento de gestão : o caso do Comando da Aeronáutica do Brasil

Dissertação de mestrado em ContabilidadeEste trabalho tem como objetivo central conhecer as transformações do sistema contábil brasileiro, como forma de melhor compreender o dinâmico cenário atual e, em seguida, verificar qual a percepção dos gestores do Comando da Aeronáutica quanto ao modelo de prestação de contas em uso e à introdução de novos instrumentos contábeis, em especial a Demonstração do Resultado Econômico (DRE). Ao longo do tempo, o sistema contábil brasileiro adaptou-se aos importantes fatores externos e internos que marcaram a história do país. No Brasil, assim como estabelecido por Gray (1988), as transformações de crenças e ideias da sociedade refletiram-se sobre os valores sociais e sobre a cultura contábil. As transformações do sistema contábil brasileiro resultaram na institucionalização de rotinas, sujeitas a mecanismos de pressões normativas, coercivas e miméticas (DiMaggio e Powell, 1983). Em crescente análise temporal, entre os anos de 1500 e 2012, este estudo buscou demonstrar o relacionamento existente entre a contabilidade e as transformações ocorridas no país, em especial aquelas relacionadas ao contexto histórico, político, social e econômico. A contabilidade pública brasileira, envolvida no cenário de transformações culturais e pressões institucionais, decide inovar suas práticas e incorporar processos que oferecem maior qualidade às informações contábeis do setor público. No ano de 2010, uma alteração no quadro normativo brasileiro introduziu a DRE para o setor público, que busca relacionar custos internos de produção com valores de mercado, segundo o conceito de custo de oportunidade. A implantação da DRE, ainda facultativa, poderá gerar um conflito de agência (Jensen e Meckling, 1976), em que os interesses do gestor público podem diferir dos objetivos pretendidos pelo Estado, especialmente com relação aos níveis de conservadorismo e transparência da gestão pública. O assunto sugere uma pesquisa das possíveis respostas estratégicas dos gestores (Oliver, 1991), buscando perceber se a cultura contábil existente no país permite a aceitação do novo instrumento. Este estudo analisou as percepções de 78 agentes públicos do Comando da Aeronáutica do Brasil, concluindo que a resposta estratégica dos entrevistados tende para a atitude de aceitação da nova rotina, demonstrando traços de menor conservadorismo e maior interesse pela evidenciação de resultados.This research focuses upon the Brazilian accounting system changes with a view to better understand the dynamic current scenario and pinpoint what is the perception of the Aeronautics Command managers regarding the accountability model in force and the introduction of new financial instruments, in particular the Economic Result Statement (DRE, in Brazil). Over time, the Brazilian accounting system adapted itself to the major external and internal factors throughout the country’s history. According to Gray (1988), beliefs’ and ideas’ changes within Brazilian’ society reflected on the social values and on the accounting culture. The Brazilian accounting system changes has rendered formal the institutionalisation of routines, subject to normative, coercive and mimetic pressures (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). Whilst resorting to a growing temporal analysis, between the years of 1500 and 2012, this study seeks to characterize and demonstrate the relationship between accounting and the transformations occurred in the country, most particularly those related to the historical, political, social and economic context. In this light, the Brazilian public accounting system seeks to innovate its practices and incorporate processes and knowledge with a view to reach higher levels of information quality. The Brazilian legal framework change has introduced the DRE in the public sector in 2010. This mechanism endeavours to compare and establish a relation between internal costs of production and the market values in line with the opportunity cost concept. Although it is an optional feature, the implementation of the DRE may generate an agency conflict (Jensen and Meckling, 1976), in which the public manager’s interests may differ from the objectives as pursued by the State, especially with regard to conservatism and transparency levels within the public administration. The subject furthers a survey of possible strategic responses by managers (Oliver, 1991), while seeking to perceive whether the existing accounting culture allows for the acceptance of the new instrument or not. This study analysed 78 public agents’ surveys of Brazilians Aeronautics Command. Evidence allows for inferring that the respondents’ strategic response sheds light upon the acceptance of the new routine, thereby unveiling minor conservatism and greater interest in the results disclosure

Demostración de resultado económico: percepción del comando da aeronáutica de Brasil

No ano de 2010, uma alteração no quadro normativo brasileiro introduziu a Demonstração do Resultado Econômico (DRE) para o setor público, que busca comparar custos internos de produção com valores de mercado, segundo o conceito de custo de oportunidade. Este estudo procura analisar as possíveis respostas estratégicas dos gestores , buscando perceber se a cultura contábil existente no País permite a aceitação do novo instrumento. Por meio das percepções dos agentes públicos do Comando da Aeronáutica (Comaer), no Brasil, conclui-se que a resposta estratégica dos entrevistados tende para a atitude de aceitação da nova rotina, demonstrando traços de menor conservadorismo e maior interesse pela evidenciação de resultados.In 2010, a change in the Brazilian accounting regulatory framework introduced the Demonstração do Resultado Econômico (DRE) [Economic Income Statement] for the public sector, which seeks to compare the internal costs of production to market values, according to the concept of opportunity cost. This study aims to analyse the possible strategic responses of managers and tries to understand if the existing accounting culture in Brazil facilitates the introduction of the new statement. By means of perceptions of officials of the Aeronautical Command (Comaer), in Brazil, it is possible to conclude that the strategic response of respondents is closer to acceptance of the new routine, showing traces of less conservatism and greater interest for displaying results.En el año 2010, una modificación del cuadro normativo brasileño introdujo la Demostración del Resultado Económico (DRE) para el sector público, que busca comparar los costos internos de producción con los valores del mercado, según el concepto de costo de oportunidad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las posibles respuestas estratégicas de los gestores, con el fin de percibir si la cultura contable existente en el país permite la aceptación del nuevo instrumento. Por medio de las percepciones de los agentes públicos del Comando da Aeronáutica (Comaer), en Brasil, se concluyó que la respuesta estratégica de los entrevistados tiende a aceptar la nueva rutina, mostrando rasgos de menos conservadurismo y más interés por la manifestación de resultados.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions