The crisis of the mercantile elite of Lima and the banning on the commercialization of British products in 1780

El control de los flujos comerciales peruanos, que tradicionalmente había sido detentado desde Lima por la élite mercantil conocida como almaceneros o cargadores, entró en el ultimo tercio del siglo XVIII en una profunda crisis como consecuencia de las reformas borbónicas. A esta desfavorable situación vino a añadirse en 1780, tras la declaración de guerra entre España y el Reino Unido, una Real Cédula que prohibía la importación de productos ingleses y que fijaba unas reglas para controlar la venta de los artículos británicos introducidos con anterioridad. El Real Tribunal del Consulado, como portavoz del gremio de mercaderes, solicitó al virrey el sobreseimiento de los principales artículos de dicha disposición real. Estos deseos van a ser atendidos, y la máxima autoridad del virreinato se plegará ante los intereses de la élite mercantil, por más que ello le aparejase el desafecto y el descrédito de las autoridades metropolitanas. El presente trabajo trata de interpretar los factores que obligaron a Guirior a tomar esta difícil decisión.The control of the Peruvian trading, which traditionally had been managed by the mercantile élite of Lima, known as almaceneros or cargadores (shopkeepers or loaders) suffered a deep crisis in the last third of the 18th century as a consequence of the Bourbon reforms. In 1780, after the war annoncement between Spain and the United Kingdom, another fact was added to this unfavourable situation: a royal charter banning the importation of English products and fixing rules to control the marketing of British products introduced beforehand was promulgated. The Royal Consular Court, as a spokesman of the guild of merchants, requested the dismission of the main articles of the above mentioned royal decree. These claims were to be heeded and the highest authority of the viceroyalty was to submit to the interest of the mercantile élite, despite the fact this would brought him the dislike and discredit of the metropolitan authorities. This piece of work tries to  interpret the factors that forced Guirior to take this difficult decission

Super resolution using sparse sampling at portable ultra-low field MR

Ultra-low field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds the potential to make MRI more accessible, given its cost-effectiveness, reduced power requirements, and portability. However, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) drops with field strength, necessitating imaging with lower resolution and longer scan times. This study introduces a novel Fourier-based Super Resolution (FouSR) approach, designed to enhance the resolution of ULF MRI images with minimal increase in total scan time. FouSR combines spatial frequencies from two orthogonal ULF images of anisotropic resolution to create an isotropic T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image. We hypothesized that FouSR could effectively recover information from under-sampled slice directions, thereby improving the delineation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and other significant anatomical features. Importantly, the FouSR algorithm can be implemented on the scanner with changes to the k-space trajectory. Paired ULF (Hyperfine SWOOP, 0.064 tesla) and high field (Siemens, Skyra, 3 Tesla) FLAIR scans were collected on the same day from a phantom and a cohort of 10 participants with MS or suspected MS (6 female; mean ± SD age: 44.1 ± 4.1). ULF scans were acquired along both coronal and axial planes, featuring an in-plane resolution of 1.7 mm × 1.7 mm with a slice thickness of 5 mm. FouSR was evaluated against registered ULF coronal and axial scans, their average (ULF average) and a gold standard SR (ANTs SR). FouSR exhibited higher SNR (47.96 ± 12.6) compared to ULF coronal (36.7 ± 12.2) and higher lesion conspicuity (0.12 ± 0.06) compared to ULF axial (0.13 ± 0.07) but did not exhibit any significant differences contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) compared to other methods in patient scans. However, FouSR demonstrated superior image sharpness (0.025 ± 0.0040) compared to all other techniques (ULF coronal 0.021 ± 0.0037, q = 5.9, p-adj. = 0.011; ULF axial 0.018 ± 0.0026, q = 11.1, p-adj. = 0.0001; ULF average 0.019 ± 0.0034, q = 24.2, p-adj. < 0.0001) and higher lesion sharpness (−0.97 ± 0.31) when compared to the ULF average (−1.02 ± 0.37, t(543) = −10.174, p = <0.0001). Average blinded qualitative assessment by three experienced MS neurologists showed no significant difference in WML and sulci or gyri visualization between FouSR and other methods. FouSR can, in principle, be implemented on the scanner to produce clinically useful FLAIR images at higher resolution on the fly, providing a valuable tool for visualizing lesions and other anatomical structures in MS

Actitudes del personal en la vigilancia de eventos adversos intrahospitalarios en colombia

Objetivos La detección de los eventos adversos (EA) es parte de la  gestión de la seguridad en  pacientes hospitalizados. Existen múltiples factores de la institución y de los trabajadores que afectan la adecuada vigilancia de los EA. El objetivo de esta publicación es  explorar la actitud y reacciones del personal de las instituciones en cuanto a la detección y evaluación de los EA. Metodología Investigación cualitativa. Se realizó un grupo focal con informantes clave que había recolectado y monitoreado la información en un estudio cuantitativo previo: “Incidencia y evitabilidad de Eventos adversos en tres instituciones en Colombia 2006”  Se construyó  un marco conceptual basado en las publicaciones relativas a los EA, las instituciones de salud y la realización de resúmenes por temática del contenido del trabajo en el grupo focal mediante la sistematización, categorización y reducción de datos. Resultados Existe la creencia de que vigilancia de EA consiste  en una auditoria con consecuencias laborales negativas. Esta opinión está determinada por la cultura organizacional previa. Las estrategias para  incrementar el reporte fueron: el trabajo  persona a persona, hacer conciencia de que nadie está exento de un evento adverso y, el  apoyo administrativo para  solucionar las deficiencias. Conclusiones Se requiere confianza mutua y trabajo conjunto entre los trabajadores de la salud, el personal de apoyo  y la gerencia para prevenir futuros EA

Constraining Type Ia Supernovae progenitors from three years of SNLS data

While it is generally accepted that Type Ia supernovae are the result of the explosion of a carbon-oxygen White Dwarf accreting mass in a binary system, the details of their genesis still elude us, and the nature of the binary companion is uncertain. Kasen (2010) points out that the presence of a non-degenerate companion in the progenitor system could leave an observable trace: a flux excess in the early rise portion of the lightcurve caused by the ejecta impact with the companion itself. This excess would be observable only under favorable viewing angles, and its intensity depends on the nature of the companion. We searched for the signature of a non-degenerate companion in three years of Supernova Legacy Survey data by generating synthetic lightcurves accounting for the effects of shocking and comparing true and synthetic time series with Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Our most constraining result comes from noting that the shocking effect is more prominent in rest-frame B than V band: we rule out a contribution from white dwarf-red giant binary systems to Type Ia supernova explosions greater than 10% at 2 sigma, and than 20% at 3 sigma level.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures, resubmitted to ApJ, figure 15 modifie

La recuperación del patio en la arquitectura doméstica mudéjar. Restauraciones en el Albaicín de Granada en los últimos treinta años

Once the focal point of Mudejar houses in Granada, the courtyard is one of the elements that have undergone most transformation in the process of architectural evolution. The renewed use of these domestic structures as a result of refurbishment for new or similar purposes with respect to their original use has inspired a wide range of very different interventions on the unifying element of the courtyard. In a study of a large sample of seventy homes which have been subject to restoration over the last thirty years in Granada, we analysed the intervention methodologies employed, the criteria defined and the construction processes of restoration and conservation. This has yielded a historical perspective of the sample in terms of how the restoration of Mudejar courtyards has evolved in Granada, encompassing stylistic reinterpretations in the earliest stages to the contemporary criteria of authenticity and architectural reinterpretation in recent interventions.El patio, como núcleo central de la casa mudéjar granadina ha sido uno de los elementos que ha sufrido más transformaciones en los procesos de evolución arquitectónica. La revalorización de estas arquitecturas domésticas a través de su rehabilitación para nuevos o análogos usos respecto a los originales, ha motivado intervenciones de muy diferente índole sobre el elemento centralizador del patio. A partir del estudio de una muestra significativa de setenta viviendas intervenidas en los últimos treinta años en Granada, analizamos las metodologías de actuación, los criterios definidos y los procesos constructivos de restauración y conservación. De este modo se obtiene una visión de conjunto diacrónica de la evolución del proceso restaurador en Granada sobre esta tipología, que abarca desde las reinterpretaciones en estilo en las etapas más tempranas a los criterios de autenticidad y de reinterpretación arquitectónica desde la contemporaneidad para las actuaciones más actuales

Suicide attempts in mexican teenagers: a cultural consensus theory perspective

El suicidio es un problema de salud pública mundial y los adolescentes son los que presentan con mayor frecuencia esta problemática. El estudio realizado identifica la estructura semántica del dominio cultural, el promedio de conocimiento y el grado de consenso cultural que sobre el suicidio tienen adolescentes con tentativa suicida. El trabajo es un estudio cualitativo mediante la técnica de listas libres. Participaron 29 adolescentes (13 a 18 años). Las listas libres fueron sobre: las causas; los signos y los síntomas; lo que siente, piensa y hace un adolescente antes de cometer suicidio y las estrategias de prevención de éste. Los resultados muestran para cada pregunta un único modelo semántico en el dominio cultural. En lo estructural se identifican los problemas familiares como la causa del intento suicida; la depresión y la tristeza son síntomas previos al intento suicida. La tristeza y la soledad, salir del problema y suicidarse es lo que considera que siente, piensa y hace un adolescente previo al intento de suicidio. Como estrategias de prevención, se identifican le ponga más atención y hablar con él. Los resultados ponderan la importancia de la familia para los programas de prevención de las conductas suicidas en adolescentes. The suicide is a problem of public world health and the adolescents are those who present with more frequency this problem. Nevertheless, the studies of the suicide phenomenon from a cultural perspective are limited. Cultural research in suicidology is important to develop the understanding of the meanings of suicidal behavior in different contexts. The cultural consensus theory would contribute to the cultural perspective of the knowledge of suicidal behaviors in terms of its internal elements and their functioning (emic) and this theory allows knowing if there exists a knowledge shared by a social group regarding an issue and allows to recognize its organization. The aim of this study was to identify the semantic structure of the cultural domain, as well as the average of knowledge and the degree of cultural consensus regarding suicide among adolescent suicide attempters. It was a qualitative study, using the free-listing technique, with a non-random sample made up of 29 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years. The free lists were on: the causes; the signs and the symptoms; what he/she feels, thinks and does before attempting suicide and the strategies of suicide prevention at adolescence. The results showed for every question a single semantic model in the cultural domain suicide attempt. In such structure, the family problems were identified as the cause of suicidal attempt; the depression and the sadness were symptoms before suicidal attempt. The sadness, the loneliness and the anger were what an adolescent feels before the suicide attempt. Furthermore, to get out of the problem and to end his/her life were what an adolescent thinks before attempting suicide and to commit suicide was what an adolescent does before to suicide attempt. To pay more attention, to talk with the adolescent, to improve the communication with the parents and to attend a psychotherapy were identified as strategies for suicide prevention. The results highlight the importance of the family of suicide prevention programs for adolescents based on cultural knowledge.ITESO, A.C.Universidad de GuadalajaraInstituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialPsicólogos Especializados Jalisc

Influencia de la red de apoyo en la salud mental de jóvenes embarazadas

Maternity implies a series of biopsychosocial changes that can lead to the appearance of alterations in mental health, especially when the pregnancy is not planned, and mothers do not have emotional support. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of support networks on the mental health of pregnant adolescents and young women between 18 and 24 years old in Panama. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional pilot study with mixed methodology. The sample was made up of young women between 18 and 24 years old who attended medical care at the Panamanian Association for Family Planning in San Miguelito, Panama, during the first semester of 2022. The Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and a sociodemographic questionnaire were included. The mean age of the sample was 22.6 years. All participants claimed to have at least one support network. Regarding the mental health scales applied, it was found that 33.3% had high self-esteem and 88.9% showed few anxiety and depression symptoms. Significant correlations were found between the results of anxiety and self-esteem (p= 0.029), depression and self-esteem (p= 0.041), and anxiety and depression (p= 0.007). The qualitative interview evidenced that all participants considered it relevant to be able to count on the support of their partner and/or family. Having support networks helps enhance the well-being of young mothers; in turn, this can serve as a protective factor against the onset of anxiety and depression.La maternidad implica una serie de cambios biopsicosociales que pueden propiciar la aparición de alteraciones en la salud mental, especialmente cuando el embarazo no es planificado y las madres no cuentan con soporte emocional. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia que tienen las redes de apoyo en la salud mental de adolescentes y adultas jóvenes embarazadas de 18&nbsp;años a 24&nbsp;años en Panamá. Este fue un estudio piloto con metodología mixta, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por mujeres jóvenes entre 18&nbsp;años y 24&nbsp;años que asistieron a la clínica de la Asociación Panameña para el Planeamiento de la Familia de San Miguelito, Panamá, durante el primer semestre del 2022. Se utilizó la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. La media de edad de la muestra fue de 22.6 años. El 100% de la muestra aseguró contar con al menos una red de apoyo. El 33.3% obtuvo una autoestima elevada y 88.9% obtuvo niveles bajos de ansiedad y depresión. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre los resultados de ansiedad y autoestima (p= 0.029), depresión y autoestima (p= 0.041), y ansiedad y depresión (p= 0.007). El análisis cualitativo arrojó que todas las participantes consideraron relevante contar con el apoyo de su pareja y/o familia. Las redes de apoyo ayudan a potenciar el bienestar de las madres jóvenes; a su vez, esto puede servir como factor protector ante la aparición de ansiedad y depresión

Photometric selection of Type Ia supernovae in the Supernova Legacy Survey

We present a sample of 485 photometrically identified Type Ia supernova candidates mined from the first three years of data of the CFHT SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS). The images were submitted to a deferred processing independent of the SNLS real-time detection pipeline. Light curves of all transient events were reconstructed in the g_M, r_M, i_M and z_M filters and submitted to automated sequential cuts in order to identify possible supernovae. Pure noise and long-term variable events were rejected by light curve shape criteria. Type Ia supernova identification relied on event characteristics fitted to their light curves assuming the events to be normal SNe Ia. The light curve fitter SALT2 was used for this purpose, assigning host galaxy photometric redshifts to the tested events. The selected sample of 485 candidates is one magnitude deeper than that allowed by the SNLS spectroscopic identification. The contamination by supernovae of other types is estimated to be 4%. Testing Hubble diagram residuals with this enlarged sample allows us to measure the Malmquist bias due to spectroscopic selections directly. The result is fully consistent with the precise Monte Carlo based estimate used to correct SN Ia distance moduli in the SNLS 3-year cosmological analyses. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of a photometric selection of high redshift supernovae with known host galaxy redshifts, opening interesting prospects for cosmological analyses from future large photometric SN Ia surveys.Comment: (The SNLS collaboration) 23 pages, 28 figures, Accepted in A&

Evolution in the Volumetric Type Ia Supernova Rate from the Supernova Legacy Survey

We present a measurement of the volumetric Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) rate (SNR_Ia) as a function of redshift for the first four years of data from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS). This analysis includes 286 spectroscopically confirmed and more than 400 additional photometrically identified SNe Ia within the redshift range 0.1<z<1.1. The volumetric SNR_Ia evolution is consistent with a rise to z~1.0 that follows a power-law of the form (1+z)^alpha, with alpha=2.11+/-0.28. This evolutionary trend in the SNLS rates is slightly shallower than that of the cosmic star-formation history over the same redshift range. We combine the SNLS rate measurements with those from other surveys that complement the SNLS redshift range, and fit various simple SN Ia delay-time distribution (DTD) models to the combined data. A simple power-law model for the DTD (i.e., proportional to t^-beta) yields values from beta=0.98+/-0.05 to beta=1.15+/-0.08 depending on the parameterization of the cosmic star formation history. A two-component model, where SNR_Ia is dependent on stellar mass (Mstellar) and star formation rate (SFR) as SNR_Ia(z)=AxMstellar(z) + BxSFR(z), yields the coefficients A=1.9+/-0.1 SNe/yr/M_solar and B=3.3+/-0.2 SNe/yr/(M_solar/yr). More general two-component models also fit the data well, but single Gaussian or exponential DTDs provide significantly poorer matches. Finally, we split the SNLS sample into two populations by the light curve width (stretch), and show that the general behavior in the rates of faster-declining SNe Ia (0.8<s<1.0) is similar, within our measurement errors, to that of the slower objects (1.0<s<1.3) out to z~0.8.Comment: Accepted in A