50 research outputs found
EEG revealed improved vigilance regulation after stress exposure under Nx4: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial
ObjectivesVigilance is characterized by alertness and sustained attention. The hyper-vigilance states are indicators of stress experience in the resting brain. Neurexan (Nx4) has been shown to modulate the neuroendocrine stress response. Here, we hypothesized that the intake of Nx4 would alter brain vigilance states at rest.MethodIn this post-hoc analysis of the NEURIM study, EEG recordings of three, 12Â min resting-state conditions in 39 healthy male volunteers were examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial. EEG was recorded at three resting-state sessions: at baseline (RS0), after single-dose treatment with Nx4 or placebo (RS1), and subsequently after a psychosocial stress task (RS2). During each resting-state session, each 2-s segment of the consecutive EEG epochs was classified into one of seven different brain states along a wake-sleep continuum using the VIGALL 2.1 algorithm.ResultsIn the post-stress resting-state, subjects exhibited a hyper-stable vigilance regulation characterized by an increase in the mean vigilance level and by more rigidity in the higher vigilance states for a longer period of time. Importantly, Nx4-treated participants exhibited significantly lower mean vigilance level compared to placebo-treated ones. Also, Nx4- compared to placebo-treated participants spent comparably less time in higher vigilance states and more time in lower vigilance states in the post-stress resting-state.ConclusionStudy participants showed a significantly lower mean vigilance level in the post-stress resting-state condition and tended to stay longer in lower vigilance states after treatment with Nx4. These findings support the known stress attenuation effect of Nx4
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF NITROPYRIDINES
Background. Pyridines are one of the most common heterocycles, the derivatives of which are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemistry, and also in the production of new materials. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the chemical behavior of various pyridine derivatives will continue to be an urgent task of organic chemistry. This literature review is devoted to the systematization and analysis of the chemical properties of pyridine nitro derivatives, starting from the first half of the 20th century and up to the present. The paper considers both reactions proceeding through the nitro group (reduction under the action of various chemical agents, substitution, condensation) and reactions through the pyridine cycle. The main areas of application of nitropyridines are also shown.
Purpose. Generalize and systematize the main types of reactions characteristic of nitropyridines, show the features of their chemical properties associated with the transformation of the nitro group, its effect on the mobility of substituents in the pyridine ring, as well as on the activity of the heterocycle as a whole.
Materials and methods. To achieve the goal of the study, a review of the scientific literature was made on the main types of chemical reactions characteristic of pyridine nitro derivatives and the most significant areas of their application.
Results. This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies on the chemical properties and application of nitropyridines from the beginning of the last century to the present.
Conclusion. Thus, as a result of the analysis of sources devoted to the chemical properties and application of nitropyridines, a brief literature review was compiled, including the main types of reactions characteristic of the compounds under study, and their main areas of application were identified
EglN3 hydroxylase stabilizes BIM-EL linking VHL type 2C mutations to pheochromocytoma pathogenesis and chemotherapy resistance
Microevolution and maternal effects on tadpole Rana temporaria growth and development rate
Knock-Down of Core Proteins Regulating MicroRNA Biogenesis Has No Effect on Sensitivity of Lung Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation
Recent studies underline the important role of microRNAs (miRNA) in the development of lung cancer. The main regulators of miRNA biogenesis are the ribonucleases Drosha, Dicer and Ago2. Here the role of core proteins of miRNA biogenesis machinery in the response of human non-small and small cell lung carcinoma cell lines to treatment with ionizing radiation was assessed. We found that Drosha and Dicer were expressed at higher levels in radioresistant but not in sensitive cell lines. However, down-regulation of either Dicer or Drosha had no effect on the sensitivity of cells to irradiation. Elimination of components of the RNA-induced silencing complex Ago2 and Tudor staphylococcal nuclease also did not sensitize cells to the same treatment. Thus, modulation of miRNA biogenesis machinery is not sufficient to increase the radiosensitivity of lung tumors and other strategies are required to combat lung cancer
Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.
Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field
Non-viral systemic delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides targeted to Jun N-terminal kinase 1 prevents cellular hypoxic damage
Influence of NeurexanÂź on brain activity in responses to deviant stimuli during an auditory oddball task
Background: NeurexanŸ, a medicinal product sold over the counter (OTC), contains four ingredients; Passiflora incarnata (passionflower), Avena sativa (oats), Coffea arabica (coffee) and Zincum isovalerianicum (zinc valerianate). NeurexanŸ has been investigated in patients with symptoms related to acute stress, nervousness/restlessness, and insomnia. The previous research suggested an attenuated neuroendocrine stress response in healthy volunteers induced by NeurexanŸ (Doering et al. 2016). This study further explores the effects of NeurexanŸ on cognitive performance and attention that can be assessed by the oddball paradigm. It is generally recognized that stress is associated with cognitive impairments. Expecting that NeurexanŸ reduces the stress level, we hypothesized that the subjects in the placebo group would be more susceptible to distraction compared to treatment group. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-period crossover trial, brain responses to the unattended auditory oddball task of 39 healthy, moderately stressed males were measured with 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) after intake of a single dose of NeurexanŸ or placebo. The paradigm consisted of 80 standard tones and two types of deviant tones (10 frequency deviant; 10 duration deviant), presented in a pseudo-randomized order. The standard tone was composed of eight equally loud sinusoidal tones (fundamental frequency 330 Hz and seven harmonic partials) and had the duration of 100 ms. The deviants were either 40 ms shorter (duration deviant) or 1.25 semitones higher (frequency deviant). Results: Significant effect of NeurexanŸ on the latency of mismatch negativity (MMN) (decreased latency under treatment) was observed with repeated-measures ANOVA. The main effect of the treatment (F(1,37)=4.297, p=0.045, η2= 0.104) and significant treatment x deviant-type interaction (F(1,37)=8.828, p=0.005, η2=0.193) were found. Further Wilcoxon-test for paired samples showed that this reductione of latency was present for the frequency deviant stimuli (z(37)=-2.85, p=0.004). Conclusion: Significant reduction of MMN latency in the Neurexan treatment group suggests that NeurexanŸ induces subtle primary processing changes in term of reaction time
Effects of NeurexanÂź on brain responses to deviant stimuli during an auditory oddball task
Introduction: NeurexanÂź, a medicinal product sold over the counter (OTC), is composed of four plant and mineral ingredients; passionflower, oats, coffee and zinc valerianate. NeurexanÂź has been investigated in patients with symptoms related to acute stress, nervousness/restlessness, and insomnia. The previous research suggested an attenuated neuroendocrine stress response in healthy volunteers induced by NeurexanÂź (Doering et al. 2016). This study further explores the effects of NeurexanÂź on cognitive performance and attention. It is generally recognized that stress is associated with cognitive impairments. Expecting that NeurexanÂź reduces the stress level, we hypothesized that the subjects in the placebo group would be more susceptible to distraction compared to treatment group. Material and Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-period crossover trial, brain responses of 39 healthy, moderate stressed males were measured during an unattended auditory oddball paradigm via 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) after intake of NeurexanÂź and placebo. The paradigm consisted of 80 standard tones and two types of deviant tones (10 frequency deviant; 10 duration deviant), presented in a pseudo-randomized order. The standard tone was composed of eight equally loud sinusoidal tones (fundamental frequency 330 Hz and seven harmonic partials) and had a duration of 100 ms. The deviants were either 40 ms shorter (duration deviant) or 1.25 semitones higher (frequency deviant). Results: Here we present the results about the effect of Neurexan treatment on both mismatch negativity (MMN) and latency of the peaks when assessing EEG responses (ERPs) to deviant tones (frequency and duration deviant) compared to placebo. Discussion: Our findings suggest that NeurexanÂź also leads to subtle primary processing changes additionally to its postulated top down effects