An?lisis de los elementos cr?ticos para el desarrollo de proveedores en empresas de la gran miner?a en el Per?

En esta investigaci?n se describen las caracter?sticas de los elementos cr?ticos para el desarrollo de proveedores en empresas de la gran miner?a en el Per?. Como parte de la gesti?n de las relaciones con proveedores, las empresas realizan desarrollo de proveedores cuando participan activamente en esfuerzos para mejorar el desempe?o y capacidades de sus proveedores. Sobre la base del marco de referencia para el desarrollo de proveedores de Sucky y Durst (2013), se definen las variables que describen las condiciones influyentes, factores de ?xito, estrategias e impactos del desarrollo de proveedores en una muestra de seis empresas representativas de la gran miner?a peruana. Para ello se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a ejecutivos de log?stica, compras y contratos, as? como revisiones de reportes de sostenibilidad y otros documentos. El estudio concluye que la estrategia de las empresas es desarrollar las capacidades de sus proveedores locales, con el objetivo de mantener una buena relaci?n con las comunidades de sus ?reas de influencia directa. La baja capacidad del proveedor local representa la principal condici?n influyente, y la actitud estrat?gica hacia el proveedor es el principal factor de ?xito. Finalmente, el desarrollo de proveedores tiene impactos positivos en las empresas y en sus proveedores locales

K0S and Λ production in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV

The ALICE measurement of K0S and Λ production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76  TeV is presented. The transverse momentum (pT) spectra are shown for several collision centrality intervals and in the pT range from 0.4  GeV/c (0.6  GeV/c for Λ) to 12  GeV/c. The pT dependence of the Λ/K0S ratios exhibits maxima in the vicinity of 3  GeV/c, and the positions of the maxima shift towards higher pT with increasing collision centrality. The magnitude of these maxima increases by almost a factor of three between most peripheral and most central Pb-Pb collisions. This baryon excess at intermediate pT is not observed in pp interactions at s√=0.9  TeV and at s√=7  TeV. Qualitatively, the baryon enhancement in heavy-ion collisions is expected from radial flow. However, the measured pT spectra above 2  GeV/c progressively decouple from hydrodynamical-model calculations. For higher values of pT, models that incorporate the influence of the medium on the fragmentation and hadronization processes describe qualitatively the pT dependence of the Λ/K0S ratio

A Search for Photons with Energies Above 2X10(17) eV Using Hybrid Data from the Low-Energy Extensions of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Ultra-high-energy photons with energies exceeding 10(17) eV offer a wealth of connections to different aspects of cosmic-ray astrophysics as well as to gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. The recent observations of photons with energies in the 10(15) eV range further motivate searches for even higher-energy photons. In this paper, we present a search for photons with energies exceeding 2 x 10(17) eV using about 5.5 yr of hybrid data from the low-energy extensions of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The upper limits on the integral photon flux derived here are the most stringent ones to date in the energy region between 10(17) and 10(18) eV

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2•72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2•66–2•79) in 2000 to 2•31 (2•17–2•46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134•5 million (131•5–137•8) in 2000 to a peak of 139•6 million (133•0–146•9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135•3 million (127•2–144•1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2•1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27•1% (95% UI 26•4–27•8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67•2 years (95% UI 66•8–67•6) in 2000 to 73•5 years (72•8–74•3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50•7 million (49•5–51•9) in 2000 to 56•5 million (53•7–59•2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9•6 million (9•1–10•3) in 2000 to 5•0 million (4•3–6•0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25•7%, from 6•2 billion (6•0–6•3) in 2000 to 7•7 billion (7•5–8•0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58•6 years (56•1–60•8) in 2000 to 63•5 years (60•8–66•1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk�outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk�outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk�outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95 uncertainty interval UI 9·51�12·1) deaths (19·2% 16·9�21·3 of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12�9·31) deaths (15·4% 14·6�16·2 of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253�350) DALYs (11·6% 10·3�13·1 of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0�9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10�24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25�49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50�74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7 (95 uncertainty interval 0.4 to 15.6) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7 (27.2 to 36.6) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0, 95 uncertainty interval 42.6 to 54.6) than men (23.8, 15.6 to 32.7). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates. © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited

El cacao en la estructura y funci?n de las fincas cacaoteras de la regi?n brunca de Costa Rica

Tesis (M. Sc) -- CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 198

La afectividad como estrategia para contrarrestar la agresividad escolar

62 P?ginasLa agresividad que se evidencia en la escuela justifica la elecci?n de este fen?meno como un objeto de estudio, este problema genera inestabilidad en ?mbitos como el psicol?gico, biol?gico, moral y social que representa un obst?culo para aflorar una sana convivencia, puesto que repercute en una comunidad escolar donde el problema es frecuente en la infancia y perjudica su desarrollo integral. En la actualidad es indispensable remarcar la importancia de esta propuesta que conlleva a reflexionar y a crear caminos que conduzcan a fortalecer los v?nculos afectivos entre pares y con su entorno, se espera sea el inicio de esfuerzos colectivos para que nuestros centros educativos se conviertan en verdaderos establecimientos de paz. La experiencia aqu? expuesta se visiona como un trasegar de actitud en los docentes, padres de familia y estudiantes, en mejora de las competencias y habilidades emocionales, para disminuir la agresividad en la escuela. Surge la necesidad de reconocer y entender el manejo de las mismas, para poderlas controlar. Se dispone en la actualidad de estrategias convincentes que llevadas a la pr?ctica propician la sana convivencia en las aulas y fuera de ellas, alcanzando lo proyectado: la escuela del amor. Esta propuesta tiene como prop?sito reflexionar sobre el papel de la escuela, no como estructura f?sica sino como el epicentro de las relaciones interpersonales y emocionales, que permiten abrazar, apropiarse de metodolog?as que generen climas de confianza y armon?a para formar mejores hombres del ma?ana. El desarrollo socio afectivo es la base de todos los aprendizajes posteriores, en la actualidad algunas familias no est? fortaleciendo estos lazos, debido a m?ltiples razones como: el nuevo rol de quienes la integran, el desempleo, as? mismo los hogares dispersos, el estr?s, la violencia intrafamiliar, los padres desconectados de sus responsabilidades, entre otros. Se requiere de una escuela que est? en sinton?a con la ?poca hist?rica actual y, no se puede desconocer la injerencia de la globalizaci?n, convirti?ndose la misma en el foco social pluricultural. Se hace necesario entonces reescribir la escuela reinventar las pr?cticas pedag?gicas adem?s de asumir proactivamente la preparaci?n para el cambio. El amor como posible ant?doto contrarresta la violencia entre pares y el docente como un guerrero luminoso del proceso pedag?gico, parte del fortalecimiento de planes con acciones sencillas, como promover el afecto y valores desde el aula, as? mismo suscitar el desarrollo de iniciativas que conlleven, hacia una cultura de paz.ABSTRACT. The aggressiveness that is demonstrated in the school justifies the choice of this phenomenon as an object of study, this problem generates instability in areas as psychologically, biological, morally and socially that represents an obstacle to show a healthy conviviality, since it reverberates in a school community where the problem is frequent in the infancy and harms his integral development. At present it is indispensable to notice the importance of this proposal that carries to thinking and to creating ways that drive to strengthen the affective links between couples and with his environment, is waited it is the beginning of collective efforts in order that our educational centers turn into real establishments of peace. The experience here exposed views like one change of attitude in the teachers, family parents and students, in improvement of the competitions and emotional skills, to diminish the aggressiveness in the school. There arises the need to recognize and understand the managing of the same ones, to be able to control them. It arranges at present of convincing strategies that led to the practice propitiate the healthy conviviality in the classrooms and out of them, reaching the projected: the school of the love. This proposal has as intention think about the paper of the school, not as physical structure but as the epicentre of the interpersonal and emotional relations, which allow to embrace, to appropriate of methodologies that generate climates of confidence and harmony to form better men of the tomorrow. The development affective is the base of all the later learnings, at present some families are not strengthening these bows, due to multiple reasons as: the new role of those who integrate it, the unemployment, likewise the dispersed homes, the stress, the domestic violence, the parents disconnected of his responsibilities, between others. There is needed of a school that it is in tuning in with the historical current historical period, there is no denying the interference of globalization, making it in the multicultural social focus. Thus we need to rewrite the school reinvent teaching practices also assuming proactively preparing for change. The love like possible antidote offsets the violence between couples and the teacher as a luminous warrior of the pedagogic process, part of the strengthening plan with simple actions, like promoting the affection and values from the classroom, likewise to promote the development of initiatives that carry, towards a culture of peace.ADVERTENCIA. La Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci?n de la Universidad del Tolima, el director, codirector y el jurado calificador, no son responsables de los conceptos ni de las ideas expuestas por los autores del presente trabajo. Art?culo 16, Acuerdo 032 de 1976 y Articulo 29, Acuerdo 064 de 1991, Consejo Acad?mico de la Universidad del Tolima.INTRODUCCI?N 12 1. PROBLEM?TICA 14 2. JUSTIFICACI?N 16 3. FORMULACI?N DEL PROBLEMA 18 4. OBJETIVOS 19 4.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 19 4.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 19 5. CONTEXTO 20 6. MARCO TEORICO 22 6.1 LA AGRESIVIDAD 22 6.1.1 Agresi?n F?sica 24 6.1.2 Agresi?n Verbal 24 6.1.3 Agresi?n Psicol?gica 24 6.2 BULLYING 25 6.3 EL MANEJO DE LA AGRESIVIDAD EN LA ESCUELA 26 6.3.1 La agresividad y los medios de comunicaci?n 27 6.3.2 Papel de la familia en la agresividad de los ni?os y ni?as 28 6.4 EL V?NCULO AFECTIVO Y SU DIMENSI?N 28 6.4.1 La afectividad como una estrategia de convivencia en la escuela 29 6.5 EL DOCENTE AFECTIVO 30 6.6 AFECTIVIDAD COMO ESTRATEGIA 32 6.7 LA AFECTIVIDAD EN LA FAMILIA 32 7. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 35 7.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACION 35 7.2 POBLACI?N Y MUESTRA 35 7.2.1 Poblaci?n 35 7.2.2 Muestra 35 7.3 TIPO DE MUESTREO 35 8. ESTRATEGIAS DE IDENTIFICACION DEL PROYECTO 36 8.1 SOCIALIZACI?N DEL PROYECTO ?LA AFECTIVIDAD COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA CONTRARRESTAR LA VIOLENCIA ESCOLAR? CON PADRES DE FAMILIA. ENTREVISTA 36 8.2 MURAL DE PERCEPCIONES DE LOS NI?OS Y NI?AS SOBRE LA AGRESIVIDAD Y SUS MIEDOS.36 8.3 INTERPRETAR SENTIMIENTOS Y EMOCIONES A TRAV?S DE SUS PERCEPCIONES EXPUESTA. 37 9. HISTORIA DE VIDA 41 10. PRESENTACI?N DE LA INFORMACI?N 43 10.1 RESULTADOS DE LA ENTREVISTA APLICADA A LOS ESTUDIANTES 43 10.2 RESULTADOS DE LA ENTREVISTA APLICADA A PADRES DE FAMILIA 48 11. REFLEXIONES FINALES 53 REFERENCIAS 55 ANEXOS 5