Ni Catalysts promoted with Mg and Nb for steam reforming of acetic acid as a molecular model of bio-oil

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias para geração de hidrogênio no Brasil tem se tornado um fator relevante, pois se trata de uma fonte de combustível limpa que pode ser obtida a partir de diversas matérias-primas renováveis. Entre essas tecnologias pode-se destacar a reforma a vapor do bio-óleo, proveniente da pirólise da biomassa. O bio-óleo consiste em uma mistura complexa de diversos compostos orgânicos oxigenados tais como: aldeídos, ácidos carboxílicos, cetonas, carboidratos, alcoóis, entre outros, sendo o ácido acético um dos compostos majoritários (∼12-15%), o qual pode ser utilizado como molécula modelo do bio-óleo em reações de reforma a vapor. Entretanto, a reforma a vapor do ácido acético apresenta algumas dificuldades, como a formação de coque na superfície dos catalisadores, o que pode resultar na desativação do mesmo. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver catalisadores a base de níquel (Ni) promovidos com magnésio (Mg) e nióbio (Nb) suportados em alumina (γ-Al2O3), para aplicação na reforma a vapor do ácido acético, visando minimizar e/ou modificar a estrutura dos depósitos carbonáceos, bem como aumentar a atividade e seletividade para o hidrogênio. Para isso, sintetizaram-se inicialmente três catalisadores com diferentes teores de Ni, (10, 15 e 20%), suportados em alumina, sendo que o catalisador com 15% de Ni em massa foi o que apresentou melhor seletividade e atividade para a reforma a vapor do ácido acético. A partir da melhor carga de Ni, adicionaram-se quatro diferentes teores de Mg e Nb 1,0%; 2,5%; 5,0% e 10% em massa. Entre os catalisadores promovidos com Mg, o catalisador com 5,0% de Mg (15%Ni5%Mg/Al), apresentou uma conversão de 96% para o ácido acético, com seletividade para o hidrogênio em torno de 65% a 600 oC. Além disso, este catalisador apresentou menor taxa de formação de coque e menor tamanho de partícula de Ni0, comparado ao catalisador não promovido (15%Ni/Al), evidenciando que a adição de Mg pode prevenir a sinterização das partículas de Ni. Entre os catalisadores promovidos com Nb, o catalisador 15%Ni2,5%Nb/Al apresentou maior seletividade para o hidrogênio (∼73%) a 600o C comparado aos demais. Apesar de ter apresentado um maior tamanho de partícula Ni0, a adição de Nb aumentou a capacidade de decomposição do metano, proveniente da reação de decomposição e metanação do ácido acético, favorecendo a produção de hidrogênio, além de promover a formação de nanoestruturas de carbono. Assim, a adição de promotores catalíticos como os estudados neste trabalho pode contribuir para o aumento na produção de hidrogênio, seja pela redução nos depósitos carbonáceos ou pela modificação das estruturas de carbono formados na superfície dos materiais.The development of technologies for generating hydrogen in Brazil has become an important factor because it is a source of clean fuel which can be obtained from different renewable raw materials. Among these technologies, the steam reforming of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of biomass can be highlighted. The bio-oil is a complex mixture of different oxygenated organic compounds such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, carbohydrates and alcohols with acetic acid being one of the major compounds (∼12-15%), which may be used as a model molecule of bio-oil steam reforming reactions. However, the steam reforming of acetic acid presents some difficulties, such as coke formation on the surface of the catalysts, which may result in its deactivation. Thus, this work aimed to develop catalysts based on nickel (Ni) promoted with magnesium (Mg) and niobia (Nb) supported on alumina (γ-Al2O3), for application in steam reforming of acetic acid in order to minimize the formation of carbonaceous residues, as well as increase the activity and selectivity for hydrogen. For this purpose, initially three catalysts were synthesized with different Ni content, (10, 15 and 20%), and the catalyst with 15% Ni mass showed the best activity and selectivity for the steam reforming of acid acetic acid. From the best Ni loading, was added four different concentrations of Mg and Nb, 1%; 2.5%; 5% and 10% by weight. Among the catalysts promoted with Mg, the catalyst with 5% Mg (15% Ni5% Mg/Al) at a temperature of 600 °C, showed a 96% conversion of acetic acid, with selectivity to hydrogen of around 65 %. In addition, this catalyst showed lower rate of coke formation and lower Ni particle size compared to the non-promoted catalyst (15% Ni/Al), showing that the addition of Mg can prevent sintering of Ni particles. Among the catalysts promoted with Nb, the catalyst 15% Ni 2, 5% Nb/Al showed higher selectivity to hydrogen (∼73%) at 600 °C compared to the others. Despite having a larger particle size, the addition of Nb increased the capacity of decomposition of methane from of the decomposition reaction and methanation of acetic acid favoring the production of hydrogen and promoted the formation of nanostructures. Thus, the addition of catalytic promoters can contribute to the increase in hydrogen production, either by a reduction in carbonaceous deposits or the modification of structures formed on the surface of the materials

Δ-FeOOH as Support for Immobilization Peroxidase: Optimization via a Chemometric Approach

Owing to their high surface area, stability, and functional groups on the surface, iron oxide hydroxide nanoparticles have attracted attention as enzymatic support. In this work, a chemometric approach was performed, aiming at the optimization of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization process on Δ-FeOOH nanoparticles (NPs). The enzyme/NPs ratio (X1), pH (X2), temperature (X3), and time (X4) were the independent variables analyzed, and immobilized enzyme activity was the response variable (Y). The effects of the factors were studied using a factorial design at two levels (−1 and 1). The biocatalyst obtained was evaluated for the ferulic acid (FA) removal, a pollutant model. The materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images indicated changes in material morphology. The independent variables X1 (−0.57), X2 (0.71), and X4 (0.42) presented the significance effects estimate. The variable combinations resulted in two significance effects estimates, X1*X2 (−0.57) and X2*X4 (0.39). The immobilized HRP by optimized conditions (X1 = 1/63 (enzyme/NPs ratio, X2 = pH 8, X4 = 60 °C, and 30 min) showed high efficiency for FA oxidation (82%)

Reactive adsorption of methylene blue on montmorillonite via an ESI-MS study

Catalytic and adsorptive behaviors of montmorillonite to remove methylene blue were investigated. The clay mineral showed high activity for the oxidation of methylene blue in presence of H2O2 and on removing the organic substrate through reactive adsorption as evidenced from Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) data. Montmorillonite was characterized by atomic absorption, powder X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy and surface area analyses. Results indicated a highly reactive surface with can be regenerated by H2O2, promoting heterogeneous catalytic reaction to oxidize organic compounds from aqueous medium without any previous treatment of the montmorillonite.Fil: Nogueira, Francisco Guilherme Esteves. Universidad Federal de Lavras; BrasilFil: Lopes, João Henrique. Universidad Federal de Lavras; BrasilFil: Silva, Adilson C.. Universidad Federal de Lavras; BrasilFil: Gonçalves, Maraisa. Universidad Federal de Lavras; BrasilFil: Anastácio, Alexandre S.. Universidad Federal de Lavras; BrasilFil: Sapag, Manuel Karim. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Física Aplicada "Dr. Jorge Andrés Zgrablich"; ArgentinaFil: Alves de Oliveira, Luiz Carlos. Universidad Federal de Lavras; Brasi

Bismuth vanadate photoelectrodes with high photovoltage behave as photoanode and photocathode in photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting.

Using dual-photoelectrode photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices based on earth-abundant metal oxides for unbiased water splitting is an attractive means of producing green H2 fuel, but is challenging, owing to low photovoltages generated by PEC cells. This problem can be solved by coupling n-type BiVO4 with n-type Bi4V2O11 to create a virtual p/n junction due to the formation of a hole-inversion layer at the semiconductor interface. Thus, photoelectrodes with high photovoltage outputs were synthesized. The photoelectrodes exhibited features of pand n-type semiconductors when illuminated under an applied bias, suggesting their use as photoanode and photocathode in a dual-photoelectrode PEC cell. This concept was proved by connecting a 1 mol% W-doped BiVO4/Bi4V2O11 photoanode with an undoped BiVO4/Bi4V2O11 photocathode, which produced a high photovoltage of 1.54 V, sufficient to drive standalone water splitting with 0.95% efficiency

Synthesis, structural characterization, and thermalproperties of the poly (methylmethacrylate) / FeOOH hybrid material : an experimental and theoretical study.

The -FeOOH/PMMA nanocomposites with 0.5 and 2.5 wt.% of -FeOOH were prepared by grafting 3 (trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate on the surface of the iron oxyhydroxide particles.TheFTIR spectra of the -FeOOH/PMMA nanocomposites showed that the silanemonomers were covalently attached to the FeOOHparticles. Because of the strong interaction between the PMMA and -FeOOH nanoparticles, the thermal stability of the -FeOOH/PMMA nanocomposites was improved compared to the pure PMMA.The SEM analysis conferred the size agglomerate of particles regarding the morphology of samples.The theoretical study enabled a better understanding of the interaction of the polymer with the iron oxyhydroxide.The DFT-based calculations reinforce the radical trapping mechanism of stabilization of nanocomposites; that is, Fe3+ species might be able to accept electrons coming from the organic phase that decomposes via radical unzipping.The radical scavenge effect delays the weight loss of polymer

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora