Caracterização e classificação de dois solos desenvolvidos de rocha básica na Zona da Mata úmida de Pernambuco, Brasil

Superfícies geomórficas nas quais há ocorrência de solos derivados de rochas básicas sob condições de clima quente e úmido são cenários ímpares para estudos de solos tropicais. O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar e classificar solos derivados de basalto na Zona da Mata Sul do Estado de Pernambuco. Dois pedons representativos foram selecionados no município do Cabo de Santo Agostinho. Após a descrição morfológica, foram coletadas amostras de seus horizontes para caracterização física, química, mineralógica e micromorfológica. Os solos foram classificados, de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (e com o "Soil Taxonomy"), como: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distroférrico argissólico ("Typic Hapludox") (P1) e Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico (Rhodic Paleudult") (P2). O Latossolo difere do Nitossolo por apresentar cores mais amareladas (centradas no matiz 5YR), pela ausência de pedofeições que indiquem argiluviação, maior friabilidade e pela transformação da estrutura prismática em blocos angulares e sub angulares. Ferri-argilãs e leptorrevestimentos (leptocutãs) indicam que iluviação, vertical e lateral de argila, é um processo ativo na formação do Nitossolo estudado. Na encosta estudada as elevadas precipitações pluviais, associadas à temperaturas também elevadas durante todo o ano, conduzem à formação de solos quimicamente muito pobres e mineralogicamente uniformes.Geomorphic surfaces that present soils derived from basic rocks under warm and humid climate are unique scenarios for studying tropical soils. This paper aimed to characterize and classify two pedons derived from basalt at the Atlantic Forest Zone, Pernambuco State, Northeastern coast of Brazil. Two representative pedons (P1 and P2) were selected on a hillslope at the Cabo de Santo Agostinho municipality. Field macromorphological descriptions were carried out and soil horizon were sampled for physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological characterization. The soils were classified, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (and US Soil Taxonomy) as: "Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distroférrico argissólico" (Typic Hapludox) (P1) and "Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico" (Rhodic Paleudult) (P2). Pedon 1 differs from Pedon 2 in some aspects. For instance, P1 presents more yellowish colors, absence of clay illuviation, more friable consistence and the prismatic structure undergoes transformation to angular and subangular blocks. Pedon 2 presents ferri-argilans and leptocutans which indicate that vertical and lateral illuviation of clay is an active process in their formation. These chemically poor and mineralogically uniform soils are a result of the high temperature and rainfall of the studied area

Dimensões de bulbo molhado em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento

The study on wet bulb is recommended as part of the water management and dimensioning in localized irrigation system. The research had the objective to evaluate the formation of wet bulb in a medium-textured soil under superficial drip irrigation, in the initial condition of dry soil. To this end, we used a drip irrigation system, TalDrip model, with nominal diameter of 17 mm, maximum working pressure of 9 mwc, with indicated flow rate of 1.7 L h -1, drippers spaced by 30 cm, supplied by a water tank. To control the pressure, 2 glycerin manometers and a ½ hp pump were used. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design, in which the plot consisted of four operating pressures (2, 4, 6 and 8 mwc) and the subplots, of four irrigation times (0.5; 1; 1.5 and 2 hours). A randomized block design (RBD) was used, with four replicates. The analyzed variables were superficial diameter, maximum diameter, maximum depth and flow rate, in the trench method. The time of application and the operating pressure have effect on the mean flow rate, mean diameter and superficial diameter.O estudo de bulbo molhado é recomendado como parte do manejo de água e dimensionamento em sistema de irrigação localizada. A pesquisa teve o objetivo avaliar a formação do bulbo molhado, em solo de textura média, sob irrigação por gotejamento superficial, na condição inicial de solo seco. Para tal, utilizou-se um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, modelo taldrip, com diâmetro nominal 17 mm, pressão máxima de trabalho de 9 mca, com vazão indicada de 1,7 L h -1 , espaçados em 30 cm, abastecidos por depósito de água. Para regular a pressão foram utilizados 2 manômetros de glicerina e bomba de 1/2 cv. O experimento foi instalado no esquema de parcela subdividida, em que, a parcela constituiu as quatro pressões de serviço (2, 4, 6 e 8 mca), e as subparcelas, quatro tempo de irrigação (0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2 horas). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram diâmetro superficial, diâmetro máximo, profundidade máxima e vazão, no método da trincheira. O tempo de aplicação e a pressão de serviço tem efeito sobre a vazão média, diâmetro médio e diâmetro superficial

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio