Comunidad de ectomicorrizas en una plantación adulta productora de trufa negra

Producción CientíficaThe truffle-plantation «Los Quejigares» was planted in 1971 by AROTZ-CATESA company. It is a 600 ha plot of Quercus ilexmycorrhizated with Tuber melanosporum at 1,250 m a.s.l. on calcareous soil. This plantation is the largest of the world and one of the eldest truffle-plantations of Spain and it is in full production. Knowledge of the mycorrhizal status of a mature black truffle plantation is significant for the improvement of truffle cultivation. Ectomycorrhizae were studied for knowing T. melanosporum persistence and diversity and abundance of other ectomycorrhizal types. Roots of 16 holmoaks were sampled, 12 trees produce truffle sporocarps and four did not. It was found a mean of about 35% of T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae in the studied trees, being this significantly higher in the productive trees. Also, 105 more different ectomycorrhizal types were found. In spite of the high number of morphotypes found, it seems that they do not replace T. melanosporum, showing that there is a coexistence between species in the fungal community associated to the roots.La plantación trufera «Los Quejigares» fue establecida en 1971 por la empresa AROTZ-CATESA. Es una parcela de 600 ha de plantas de Quercus ilex micorrizadas con Tuber melanosporum, que está situada a 1.250 m de altitud sobre suelo calizo. Esta plantación es la más grande del mundo, además de una de las más antiguas de España, y se encuentra en plena producción de trufa negra. El conocimiento del estado micorrícico de las plantaciones truferas maduras es importante para mejorar las técnicas aplicadas en la truficultura. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la persistencia de T. melanosporum y la diversidad y abundancia de otras ectomicorrizas que conviven con esta especie. Se muestrearon las raíces de 16 encinas, de las que 12 producían carpóforos de trufa y cuatro no. El porcentaje medio de micorrización por T. melanosporum en los árboles estudiados fue del 35%, éste porcentaje fue significativamente más alto en los árboles productores. Además, se encontraron 105 tipos de ectomicorrizas. A pesar del alto número de morfotipos encontrados, parece que éstos no producen el desplazamiento de T. melanosporum, mostrando que es posible la coexistencia entre diferentes especies pertenecientes a la comunidad de hongos asociadas a las raíces de los árboles.Este estudio fue apoyado por LIFE99ENVE00035

Assessment of mycological possibility using machine learning models for effective inclusion in sustainable forest management

Producción CientíficaThe integral role of wild fungi in ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, is well recognized. However, quantifying and predicting wild mushroom yields is challenging due to spatial and temporal variability. In Mediterranean forests, climate-change-induced droughts further impact mushroom production. Fungal fruiting is influenced by factors such as climate, soil, topography, and forest structure. This study aims to quantify and predict the mycological potential of Lactarius deliciosus in sustainably managed Mediterranean pine forests using machine learning models. We utilize a long-term dataset of Lactarius deliciosus yields from 17 Pinus pinaster plots in Soria, Spain, integrating forest-derived structural data, NASA Landsat mission vegetation indices, and climatic data. The resulting multisource database facilitates the creation of a two-stage ‘mycological exploitability’ index, crucial for incorporating anticipated mycological production into sustainable forest management, in line with what is usually done for other uses such as timber or game. Various Machine Learning (ML) techniques, such as classification trees, random forest, linear and radial support vector machine, and neural networks, were employed to construct models for classification and prediction. The sample was always divided into training and validation sets (70-30%), while the differences were found in terms of Overall Accuracy (OA). Neural networks, incorporating critical variables like climatic data (precipitation in January and humidity in November), remote sensing indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index, Green Normalization Difference Vegetation Index), and structural forest variables (mean height, site index and basal area), produced the most accurate and unbiased models (OAtraining = 0.8398; OAvalidation = 0.7190). This research emphasizes the importance of considering a diverse array of ecosystem variables for quantifying wild mushroom yields and underscores the pivotal role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and remotely sensed observations in modeling non-wood forest products. Integrating such models into sustainable forest management plans is crucial for recognizing the ecosystem services provided by them.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - (grant DI-17-9626

The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity

Fungi are among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. with a global diversity estimated at 0.8 million to 5.1 million species. They play fundamental ecological roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens, growing in almost all habitats and being important as sources of food and health benefits, income, and to maintain forest health. Global assessment of wild edible fungi indicate the existence of 2327 useful wild species; 2166 edible and 1069 used as food; 470 medicinal species. Several million tonnes are collected, consumed, and sold each year in over 80 countries. The major mushroom-producing countries in 2012 were China, Italy, USA, and The Netherlands, with 80% of the world production, 64% of which came from China. The European Union produces 24% of the world production. Italy is the largest European producer, Poland is the largest exporter, UK the largest importer.Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae, the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss, and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes can easily be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks (conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossil‐poor groups, such as fungi. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, generally accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a). Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant, Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455–460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al. 1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250–199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield et al. 1987).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Lactarius deliciosus Fr. and Pinus sylvestris L.

Producción CientíficaSe evalúa el crecimiento en diferentes medios de cultivo de las especies Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., Lactarius deliciosus Fr. y Suillus luteus (L.:Fr.) Gray. Los resultados no permiten determinar el medio nutritivo óptimo para cada especie fúngica estudiada debido a la existencia de interacciones significativas entre los factores cepa y medio nutritivo. Se describen las micorrizas obtenidas en cultivo puro de Lactarius deliciosus Fr. y Pinus sylvestris L.Several nutritive media were tested to select the optimal medium for the mycelial growth of Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., Lactarius deliciosus Fr., y Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) Gray. The results show that it is not possible to determine the optimal nutritive medium for each species, because of the existence of a significant interaction between the strain factor and the nutritive medium. Ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius deliciosus Fr. y Pinus sylvestris L. are described

Síntesis micorrícica de "Lactarius deliciosus" Fr. y "Pinus sylvestris" L

Se evalúa el crecimiento en diferentes medios de cultivo de las especies Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., Lactarius deliciosus Fr. y Suillus luteus (L.:Fr.) Gray. Los resultados no permiten determinar el medio nutritivo óptimo para cada especie fúngica estudiada debido a la existencia de interacciones significativas entre los factores cepa y medio nutritivo. Se describen las micorrizas obtenidas en cultivo puro de Lactarius deliciosus Fr. y Pinus sylvestris L

Metales pesados en hongos de areas contaminadas Heavy metals in wild mushrooms from contaminated areas

Los hongos, saprobios y micorrícicos, desempeñan un papel importante en los eco­sistemas forestales, en especial en los ciclos biogeoquímicos. Los saprobios actúan en los procesos de degradación y mineraliza­ción de la materia orgánica, mientras que los micorrícicos son esenciales en la adquisi­ción y translocación de los nutrientes a las plantas huéspedes. En lugares contaminados por metales pesados la simbiosis micorrícica confiere resistencia a la plantas; en algunos casos se ha demostrado que plantas infecta­das pueden sobrevivir más fácilmente a la contaminación que las no micorrizadas. El micelio secuestra la fracción asimilable de los metales pesados disminuyendo la trans­locación a las plantas. Los cuerpos fructífe­ros de los hongos son consumidos por una gran cantidad de animales y también por el hombre. Algunas setas silvestres tienen un alto valor nutricional y son un recurso natu­ral con un valor económico importante. Sin embargo, la acumulación de metales pesa­dos por los hongos puede representar un riesgo para la salud tanto para humanos como para otros seres vivos. Suelos, hongos y hojarasca fueron mues­treados en una zona contaminada con meta­les pesados en las proximidades de una mina de Pb-Zn (Cd), actualmente abando­nada (Loma Charra, Soria). Los contenidos de metales en suelos, hojarascas y hongos indican un elevado grado de contaminación en relación a áreas cercanas, utilizadas como control, no afectadas por actividad minera. En el suelo los contenidos de Zn: 797-3540 mg/kg, Cd: 2,1-10 mg/kg y Pb: 1485-8166 mg/kg, en hojarasca (Zn: 92­1475 mg/kg; Cd 0,9-4,2 mg/kg; Pb: 54­2756 mg/kg) y en setas (Zn 118-915 mg/kg; Cd: 1,2-45,2 mg/kg y Pb 12-1475 mg/kg). Los factores de bioacumulación indican alto riesgo medioambiental.Saprotroph and mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in forest ecosystem, particu­lary in the biogeochemical cycles. Sapro­ troph fungi are crucial for degradation of the organic matter. Mycorrhizal improve their hosts mineral nutrition. The mycorrhizal as­sociations give resistance in contaminated areas to the plants. Sometimes inoculated plants hold up better the contamination that non-inoculated plants. The mycelia absorbs (extracts) the soil available fraction and de­crease the heavy metal concentration in the plants. The fruit-bodies can be eaten by many animal specie as well as by humans. Some specie wild fungi have a high nutri­tional value and represent an important eco­nomical resource. Soil, mushrooms and litter were sampled in a lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mine (Soria prov­ince, Spain). The distribution of metals in soil, litter and fungi shows a high concentra­tion of metals in relation to the control ar­eas. The Zn soil contents ranges are 797­3540 mg/kg, Cd: 2.1-10 mg/kg and Pb: 1485-8166 mg/kg, Litter content ranges: (Zn: 92-1475 mg/kg; Cd 0.9-4.2 mg/kg; Pb: 54-2756 mg/kg) and fruit-bodies ranges: (Zn 118-915 mg/kg; Cd: 1.2-45.2 mg/kg and Pb 12-1475 mg/kg). The bioacumula­tion factors show high environmental and toxicological risks

Aportación al conocimiento de los macromicetes de la provincia de Soria. II

Producción CientíficaEste trabajo es continuación del presentado por FERNÁNDEZ TOIRÁN et al. (Actas XV Jornadas Internacionales de Micología. Donostia. 1990). Se añaden 25 taxones, todos ellos nuevos para la provincia de Soria, a excepción de Gyromitra esculenta (MENDAZA & DÍAZ, 1987. Las Setas). Para una más fácil sistematización de los taxones los disponemos alfabéticamente por órdenes. [Texto extraído del artículo de Luz Marina Fernández Toirán]

Individual-tree growth system for even-aged Aleppo pine plantations in Aragón, Spain

Aim of study: An individual-tree growth system was developed for Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) plantations. Area of study: Aragón region (Northeast Spain). Material and methods: Two datasets were used: Second and Third Spanish National Forest Inventories (104 plots with 1,678 trees), and ad hoc permanent plots (58 plots with 1720 trees, including 36 dead trees). Individual tree growth system was based on nine models. Different combinations of yield classes, initial stocking rates, thinning parameters, rotation periods, and age at first thinning were evaluated through the three most representative scenarios: timber production; soil conservation and biodiversity enhancement. Main results: The nine models demonstrated a significant explanatory power for the data, with R2 values ranging from 0.71 to 0.99. These findings are consistent with previous research, indicating a strong goodness of fit. Additionally, yield tables were developed for the three prevalent silvicultural scenarios. To enhance usability, all models within the system were seamlessly integrated into a web-based application SIMANFOR. Research highlights: To date, Aleppo pine forest managers in Aragon could only simulate silvicultural scenarios in natural stands. This study provides a new tool for plantations

Aportación al conocimiento de los macromicetes de la provincia de Soria. II

Producción CientíficaEste trabajo es continuación del presentado por FERNÁNDEZ TOIRÁN et al. (Actas XV Jornadas Internacionales de Micología. Donostia. 1990). Se añaden 25 taxones, todos ellos nuevos para la provincia de Soria, a excepción de Gyromitra esculenta (MENDAZA & DÍAZ, 1987. Las Setas). Para una más fácil sistematización de los taxones los disponemos alfabéticamente por órdenes. [Texto extraído del artículo de Luz Marina Fernández Toirán]