2012), The IMF dependence of the local time of transpolar arcs: Implications for formation mechanism

[1] Transpolar arcs are auroral features that extend from the nightside auroral oval into the polar cap. It is well established that they occur predominantly when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a northward component (B z > 0). Results concerning how the magnetic local time at which transpolar arcs form might depend upon the IMF dawn-dusk component (B Y ) are more mixed. Some studies have found a correlation between these two variables, with Northern Hemisphere arcs forming predominantly premidnight when B Y > 0 and postmidnight when B Y < 0 and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere. However, a more recent statistical study found that there was no significant correlation, and other studies find that the formation of moving arcs is triggered by a change in the sign of the IMF B Y component. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the magnetic local time at which transpolar arcs form and the IMF B Y component. It is found that there is indeed a correlation between the magnetic local time at which transpolar arcs form and the IMF B Y component, which acts in opposite senses in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. However, this correlation is weak if the IMF is only averaged over the hour before the first emergence of the arc and becomes stronger if the IMF is averaged 3-4 h beforehand. This is consistent with a mechanism where the magnetic local time at which the arc first forms depends on the B Y component in the magnetotail adjacent to the plasma sheet, which is determined by the IMF B Y component during intervals of dayside reconnection in the hours preceding the first emergence of the arc. We do not find evidence for the triggering of arcs by an IMF B Y sign change

The interaction between transpolar arcs and cusp spots

Transpolar arcs and cusp spots are both auroral phenomena which occur when the interplanetary magnetic field is northward. Transpolar arcs are associated with magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail, which closes magnetic flux and results in a "wedge" of closed flux which remains trapped, embedded in the magnetotail lobe. The cusp spot is an indicator of lobe reconnection at the high-latitude magnetopause; in its simplest case, lobe reconnection redistributes open flux without resulting in any net change in the open flux content of the magnetosphere. We present observations of the two phenomena interacting--i.e., a transpolar arc intersecting a cusp spot during part of its lifetime. The significance of this observation is that lobe reconnection can have the effect of opening closed magnetotail flux. We argue that such events should not be rare

First simultaneous measurements of waves generated at the bow shock in the solar wind, the magnetosphere and on the ground

On 5 September 2002 the Geotail satellite observed the cone angle of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) change to values below 30° during a 56 min interval between 18:14 and 19:10 UT. This triggered the generation of upstream waves at the bow shock, 13 <I>R<sub>E</sub></I> downstream of the position of Geotail. Upstream generated waves were subsequently observed by Geotail between 18:30 and 18:48 UT, during times the IMF cone angle dropped below values of 10°. At 18:24 UT all four Cluster satellites simultaneously observed a sudden increase in wave power in all three magnetic field components, independent of their position in the dayside magnetosphere. We show that the 10 min delay between the change in IMF direction as observed by Geotail and the increase in wave power observed by Cluster is consistent with the propagation of the IMF change from the Geotail position to the bow shock and the propagation of the generated waves through the bow shock, magnetosheath and magnetosphere towards the position of the Cluster satellites. We go on to show that the wave power recorded by the Cluster satellites in the component containing the poloidal and compressional pulsations was broadband and unstructured; the power in the component containing toroidal oscillations was structured and shows the existence of multi-harmonic Alfvénic continuum waves on field lines. Model predictions of these frequencies fit well with the observations. An increase in wave power associated with the change in IMF direction was also registered by ground based magnetometers which were magnetically conjunct with the Cluster satellites during the event. To the best of our knowledge we present the first simultaneous observations of waves created by backstreaming ions at the bow shock in the solar wind, the dayside magnetosphere and on the ground

Systemic long-term metabolic effects of acute non-severe paediatric burn injury

A growing body of evidence supports the concept of a systemic response to non-severe thermal trauma. This provokes an immunosuppressed state that predisposes paediatric patients to poor recovery and increased risk of secondary morbidity. In this study, to understand the long-term systemic effects of non-severe burns in children, targeted mass spectrometry assays for biogenic amines and tryptophan metabolites were performed on plasma collected from child burn patients at least three years post injury and compared to age and sex matched non-burn (healthy) controls. A panel of 12 metabolites, including urea cycle intermediates, aromatic amino acids and quinolinic acid were present in significantly higher concentrations in children with previous burn injury. Correlation analysis of metabolite levels to previously measured cytokine levels indicated the presence of multiple cytokine-metabolite associations in the burn injury participants that were absent from the healthy controls. These data suggest that there is a sustained immunometabolic imprint of non-severe burn trauma, potentially linked to long-term immune changes that may contribute to the poor long-term health outcomes observed in children after burn injury

Motion of flux transfer events: a test of the Cooling model

The simple model of reconnected field line motion developed by Cooling et al. (2001) has been used in several recent case studies to explain the motion of flux transfer events across the magnetopause. We examine 213 FTEs observed by all four Cluster spacecraft under a variety of IMF conditions between November 2002 and June 2003, when the spacecraft tetrahedron separation was ~5000 km. Observed velocities were calculated from multi-spacecraft timing analysis, and compared with the velocities predicted by the Cooling model in order to check the validity of the model. After excluding three categories of FTEs (events with poorly defined velocities, a significant velocity component out of the magnetopause surface, or a scale size of less than 5000 km), we were left with a sample of 118 events. 78% of these events were consistent in both direction of motion and speed with one of the two model de Hoffmann-Teller (dHT) velocities calculated from the Cooling model (to within 30° and a factor of two in the speed). We also examined the plasma signatures of several magnetosheath FTEs; the electron signatures confirm the hemisphere of connection indicated by the model in most cases. This indicates that although the model is a simple one, it is a useful tool for identifying the source regions of FTEs

ANALISIS DETERMINAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA

INTRODUCTION the problem of nutrition the impact on human resources is still going on in Indonesia. The number of children who experience stunting as much as 27.5% in 2016. This means that 1 in 3 children are experiencing a stunting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors giving of nutrition, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, fetal growth and income against Gen. stunting on toddlers. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the study was observational, analytic. Variables include low birth weight, the height of the fundus uteri, gift of nutrition and income. The sample is selected by sampling a number of exposure fix 150 with comparison 1:2. Data collection using keusioner, and medical record (KIA). The RESULTS there are influences of nutrition (b = 2.54; CI = 1.63 up 3.44; p = 0.001), LBW < (b =-2.10; CI = 1.33-to-2.87; p = 0.001), growth < fetal (b = 5.95; CI = 3.88 to 8.03; p = 0.001) and income < against Gen. stunting in toddlers (b =-1.38; CI = 2.28 to-0.48; p = 0.003). DISCUSSION of the causes of the incidence of stunting in toddlers is a complex thing. The incidence of stunting begins from malnutrition during pregnancy and diperberat with malnutrition in the first five years the growth of toddlers. CONCLUSION there is influence the granting of nutrition, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, fetal growth and income against Gen. stunting on toddlers.  PENDAHULUAN permasalahan gizi yang berdampak pada sumber daya manusia masih terjadi di Indonesia. Jumlah anak yang mengalami stunting sebanyak 27.5% pada tahun 2016. Hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa 1 dari 3 anak mengalami stunting. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis faktor pemberian nutrisi, BBLR, pertumbuhan janin dan pendapatan terhadap kejadian stunting pada balita. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN studi ini analitik observasional. Variabel meliputi berat badan lahir rendah, tinggi fundus uteri, pemberian nutrisi dan pendapatan. Sampel dipilih secara fix exposure sampling sejumlah 150 dengan perbandingan 1:2. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan keusioner, dan rekam medis (buku KIA). HASIL ada pengaruh nutrisi (b= 2.54; CI= 1.63 sampai 3.44; p= <0.001), BBLR (b= -2.10; CI= -2.87 sampai -1.33; p= <0.001), pertumbuhan janin (b= 5.95; CI= 3.88 sampai 8.03; p= <0.001) dan pendapatan terhadap kejadian stunting pada balita (b= -1.38; CI= 2.28 sampai -0.48; p= 0.003). DISKUSI penyebab kejadian stunting pada balita merupakan hal yang kompleks. Kejadian stunting dimulai dari kondisi kekurangan gizi saat kehamilan dan diperberat dengan kekurangan gizi pada lima tahun pertama pertumbuhan balita. KESIMPULAN ada pengaruh pemberian nutrisi, BBLR, pertumbuhan janin dan pendapatan terhadap kejadian stunting pada balita

Cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies in a hybrid-Vlasov global magnetospheric simulation

In this paper we present the first identification of foreshock cavitons and the formation of spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs) with the Vlasiator global magnetospheric hybrid-Vlasov simulation code. In agreement with previous studies we show that cavitons evolve into SHFAs. In the presented run, this occurs very near the bow shock. We report on SHFAs surviving the shock crossing into the down-stream region and show that the interaction of SHFAs with the bow shock can lead to the formation of a magnetosheath cavity, previously identified in observations and simulations. We report on the first identification of long-term local weakening and erosion of the bow shock, associated with a region of increased foreshock SHFA and caviton formation, and repeated shock crossings by them. We show that SHFAs are linked to an increase in suprathermal particle pitch-angle spreads. The realistic length scales in our simulation allow us to present a statistical study of global caviton and SHFA size distributions, and their comparable size distributions support the theory that SHFAs are formed from cavitons. Virtual spacecraft observations are shown to be in good agreement with observational studies.Peer reviewe

Boundary spanning as identity work in university business engagement roles

The study explores how boundary-spanning is carried out to further community engagement in 15 universities of differing sizes/ages across the United Kingdom. Fifteen interviewees participated in a series of four semi-structured interviews, aged between 35–50 and with a first degree (with almost half with an MSc). One third were women. All managed their own teams and felt these were their base in negotiating difficult internal territory.. Here, boundary spanning is found to be synonymous with identity work, carried out to enable individuals to adapt to different internal and external conditions and requirements through processes of interaction and learning. It also suggests the strategic construction of identities to address perceived threats and insecurities - and the impacts of change, dominant organisational discourse and senior management on this process. Their job titles were not useful as identity badges to signal meaning, due to these being outside ‘what universities are for’

Relationship Difficulties Among U.K. Military Personnel: Impact of Sociodemographic, Military, and Deployment-Related Factors

© 2015, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Military work, especially operational deployments, may impact the romantic relationships of military personnel. Using a subsample of 7,581 participants from a cohort study of U.K. military personnel (data collected between 2007 and 2009), the prevalence of relationship difficulties and associations with sociodemographic, military-, and deployment-related characteristics was examined. Most participants did not report experiencing relationship difficulties. Adjusted regression analyses indicate that childhood adversity, limited support for and from partners, being in unmarried relationships, financial problems, deploying for more than 13 months in 3 years, and work being above trade, ability, and experience were key factors associated with relationship difficulties. The likelihood of U.K. military personnel experiencing relationship difficulties is increased because of personal vulnerabilities that may be exacerbated in the military context

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Soldiers’ Experiences of Being Married and Serving in the British Army

© 2016, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ABSTRACT: Research suggests certain aspects of military life, especially operational deployments, may negatively impact military marriages. However, much of this research is from the United States and uses deductive quantitative methods. Qualitative research investigating the lived experiences of forming and maintaining marriages was conducted with six male U.K. Army personnel. Semistructured interviews were analyzed, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, identifying five themes, each representing different dilemmas the soldiers’ had to balance to maintain successful marriages and Army careers. These five themes are best understood as practical, emotional, and cultural dilemmas that can be alleviated with practical and emotional methods; such factors could be used to build resilience in soldier’s marriages. These possible resilience factors could shape the content of interventions to increase resiliency in military marriages