Risk Factors for the Incidence of Dental Caries in Low, Very Low, and Extremely Low Birth Weight Children: A Cohort Study

Objective: To assess the incidence of caries in a two-year period among low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) children considering socioeconomic indicators, dietary factors and oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A convenience sample was formed of 42 low birth weight children aged two to five years at baseline. Two examiners diagnosed caries using the World Health Organization criteria. Birth weight, socioeconomic indicators and diet were collected from medical records and questionnaires. Binomial models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted rate ratios (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals for the factors evaluated. Results: Thirty-six children were re-examined after two years. The incidence of dental caries was 36.7%. The dmft index was 0.44 (±1.25) at baseline and increased to 1.36 (±3.85) at follow-up. VLBW children (1,000 to 1,500 g) (RR=0.23; 95%CI: 0.08-0.72) and LBW children (1,500 to 2,500 g) (RR=0.06; 0.01-0.55) had fewer carious lesions compared to ELBW children (<1,000 g). Carious lesions were more frequent among children with a lower income (RR=6.05; 1.05-34.84) and less frequent among those who did not consume sweetened juice, tea or yogurt (RR: 0.21; 0.07-0.62). Conclusion: An inverse dose-response relation was found between birth weight and the incidence of caries. A lower income and the consumption of sweetened beverages were risk factors for the development of caries

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

A INSIGNIFICÂNCIA DA LESÃO NO DELITO DE ESTELIONATO CONTRA ENTIDADES PÚBLICAS – THE INSIGNIFICANCE PRINCIPLE IN THE CRIME OF FRAUD AGAINST PUBLIC ENTITIES

O presente artigo propõe a aplicação do princípio da insignificância como parâmetro de tipicidade material do crime de estelionato contra entidades públicas, previsto no art. 171, § 3º, do Código Penal brasileiro. Para tanto, em síntese, partiremos da jurisprudência pacífica do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre a aplicação da insignificância em delitos contra a ordem tributária, de sonegação previdenciária, apropriação indébita previdenciária e de descaminho; analisaremos os tipos penais mencionados em cotejo com o estelionato; verificaremos as semelhanças que ensejariam a aplicação de parâmetros equivalentes de tipicidade material; e proporemos um critério objetivo para tarifar a significância da lesão penal por meio de uma norma penal em branco

O VALOR VERDADE NO ENSINO DA ENFERMAGEM: UM ESTUDO FENOMENOLÓGICO

O presente artigo é balizado na teoria de valor. A enfermagem possui um conjunto de valores do qual se nutre para elaborar uma escala que direciona e justifica o agir profissional. Objetivo: compreender no ato de educar do enfermeiro-docente o valor verdade e discuti-los a luz dos pressupostos de Max Scheler. A metodologia é qualitativa, centrada no enfoque fenomenológico. Participaram do estudo sete enfermeiros-docentes de três instituições de ensino superior de enfermagem, localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.  O período de realização foi de maio a junho de 2008. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista e analisados compreensivamente. Resultado: o valor verdade emergiu no discurso do enfermeiro-docente no ato de educar. Considerações finais: foi por meio do ato de educar que o enfermeiro apresentou o valor verdade ao educando, ratificando-o como instituinte para a práxis assistencial da enfermagem

O valor verdade no ensino da enfermagem: um estudo fenomenológico El valor verdad en la educación de enfermería: un estudio fenomenológico The truth value in nursing education: a phenomenological study

O presente artigo é balizado na teoria de valor. A enfermagem possui um conjunto de valores do qual se nutre para elaborar uma escala que direciona e justifica o agir profissional. Objetivo: compreender no ato de educar do enfermeiro-docente o valor verdade e discuti-los a luz dos pressupostos de Max Scheler. A metodologia é qualitativa, centrada no enfoque fenomenológico. Participaram do estudo sete enfermeiros-docentes de três instituições de ensino superior de enfermagem, localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O período de realização foi de maio a junho de 2008. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista e analisados compreensivamente. Resultado: o valor verdade emergiu no discurso do enfermeiro-docente no ato de educar. Considerações finais: foi por meio do ato de educar que o enfermeiro apresentou o valor verdade ao educando, ratificando-o como instituinte para a práxis assistencial da enfermagem.<br>Este artículo está enmarcado en la teoría del valor. La enfermería tiene un conjunto de valores de los que se nutre para desarrollar una escala que dirige y justifica el acto profesional. Objetivo: Comprender en el acto de educar de enfermeros-docentes el valor verdad y discutirlo a la luz de las presuposiciones de Max Scheler. La metodología es cualitativa, centrada en el abordaje fenomenológico. Los participantes del estudio fueron siete enfermeros-docentes de tres instituciones de educación superior de enfermería, ubicadas en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. El período de ejecución fue de mayo a junio de 2008. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas y analizados exhaustivamente. Resultado: El valor verdad emergió en el discurso del enfermero-docente en el acto de educar. Consideraciones finales: Fue a través del acto de educar que el enfermero presentó el valor verdad al estudiante, confirmándolo como parte integrante de la praxis asistencial de enfermería.<br>This article is based on the value theory. Nursing possesses a set of values that are used to develop a scale that directs and justifies professional action. Objective: To understand, the act of educating of the nurse- professor, the truth value and discuss it in light of Max Scheler's assumptions. The methodology is qualitative, focusing on phenomenological approach. Study participants were seven nurses-teachers from three institutions of higher nursing education, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The study was conducted from May to June 2008. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed comprehensively. Result: Truth emerged in the speech of the nurse-professor in the act of educating. Final Thoughts: It was through the act of educating that nurses presented the truth value to the student, ratifying it as the establishment of nursing assistance praxis

Building an explanatory model for snakebite envenoming care in the Brazilian Amazon from the indigenous caregivers' perspective.

BackgroundIn the Brazilian Amazon, snakebite envenomings (SBE) disproportionately affect indigenous peoples. Communication between indigenous and biomedical health sectors in regards to SBEs has never been explored in this region. This study aims to build an explanatory model (EM) of the indigenous healthcare domain for SBE patients from the perspective of the indigenous caregivers.Methodology/principal findingsThis is a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews of eight indigenous caregivers who are representatives of the Tikuna, Kokama and Kambeba ethnic groups, in the Alto Solimões River, western Brazilian Amazon. Data analysis was carried out via deductive thematic analysis. A framework was built containing the explanations based on three explanatory model (EM) components: etiology, course of sickness, and treatment. To indigenous caregivers, snakes are enemies and present conscience and intention. Snakebites have a natural or a supernatural cause, the last being more difficult to prevent and treat. Use of ayahuasca tea is a strategy used by some caregivers to identify the underlying cause of the SBE. Severe or lethal SBEs are understood as having been triggered by sorcery. Treatment is characterized by four components: i) immediate self-care; ii) first care in the village, mostly including tobacco smoking, chants and prayers, combined with the intake of animal bile and emetic plants; iii) a stay in a hospital, to receive antivenom and other treatments; iv) care in the village after hospital discharge, which is a phase of re-establishment of well-being and reintroduction into social life, using tobacco smoking, massages and compresses to the affected limb, and teas of bitter plants. Dietary taboos and behavioral interdictions (avoiding contact with menstruating and pregnant women) prevent complications, relapses, and death, and must be performed up to three months after the snakebite. Caregivers are in favor of antivenom treatment in indigenous areas.Conclusions/significanceThere is a potential for articulation between different healthcare sectors to improve the management of SBEs in the Amazon region, and the aim is to decentralize antivenom treatment so that it occurs in indigenous health centers with the active participation of the indigenous caregivers

Large scale genome-centric metagenomic data from the gut microbiome of food-producing animals and humans

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [INV-00764] and CNPq/DECIT [443805/2018-0]; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) E-26/201.046/2022; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 307145/2021-2; 312066/2019-8 Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilNational Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, BrazilRegional University of Blumenau. Blumenau, SC, BrazilNational Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilNational Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilFederal University of Ceará. Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology. Group of Applied Medical Microbiology. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Regional University of Blumenau. Blumenau, SC, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Imunologia e Bacteriologia. Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Diadema, SP, BrazilFederal University of Ceará. Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology. Group of Applied Medical Microbiology. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, BrazilUniversity São Francisco. Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms. Bragança Paulista, SP, BrazilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, BrazilUniversity São Francisco. Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms. Bragança Paulista, SP, BrazilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Clínica. São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Imunologia e Bacteriologia. Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Diadema, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Clínica. São Paulo, SP, BrazilNational Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilThe One Health concept is a global strategy to study the relationship between human and animal health and the transfer of pathogenic and non-pathogenic species between these systems. However, to the best of our knowledge, no data based on One Health genome-centric metagenomics are available in public repositories. Here, we present a dataset based on a pilot-study of 2,915 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of 107 samples from the human (N = 34), cattle (N = 28), swine (N = 15) and poultry (N = 30) gut microbiomes. Samples were collected from the five Brazilian geographical regions. Of the draft genomes, 1,273 were high-quality drafts (>= 90% of completeness and = 50% of completeness and <= 10% of contamination). Taxonomic predictions were based on the alignment and concatenation of single-marker genes, and the most representative phyla were Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Many of these species represent potential pathogens that have already been described or potential new families, genera, and species with potential biotechnological applications. Analyses of this dataset will highlight discoveries about the ecology and functional role of pathogens and uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria from food-producing animals and humans. Furthermore, it also represents an opportunity to describe new species from underrepresented taxonomic groups

Exploring the bacteriome and resistome of humans and food-producing animals in Brazil

National Council for Science and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (process numbers 402659/2018-0, 443805/2018-0, and OPP1193112); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); CNPq (process number 312066/2019-8), CNPq (307145/2021-2); FAPERJ (E-26/201.046/2022)National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Regional University of Blumenau. Blumenau, SC, Brazil.National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Ceará. Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology. Group of Applied Medical Microbiology. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Regional University of Blumenau. Blumenau, SC, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Laboratório de Imunologia e Bacteriologia. Diadema, SP, Brazil.Federal University of Ceará. Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology. Group of Applied Medical Microbiology. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, Brazil.National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.University São Francisco. Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms. Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Laboratório de Imunologia e Bacteriologia. Diadema, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde. Dourados, MS, Brazil.University São Francisco. Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms. Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Clínica. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Clínica. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Setor de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Laboratório de Imunologia e Bacteriologia. Diadema, SP, Brazil.National Laboratory of Scientific Computing. Bioinformatics Laboratory. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Alerta. São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina. Department of Internal Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases. Laboratório Especial de Microbiologia Clínica. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is complex, with multiple interfaces (human-animal-environment). In this context, One Health surveillance is essential for understanding the distribution of microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). This report describes a multicentric study undertaken to evaluate the bacterial communities and resistomes of food-producing animals (cattle, poultry, and swine) and healthy humans sampled simultaneously from five Brazilian regions. Metagenomic analysis showed that a total of 21,029 unique species were identified in 107 rectal swabs collected from distinct hosts, the highest numbers of which belonged to the domain Bacteria, mainly Ruminiclostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp., and the order Enterobacterales. We detected 405 ARGs for 12 distinct antimicrobial classes. Genes encoding antibiotic-modifying enzymes were the most frequent, followed by genes related to target alteration and efflux systems. Interestingly, carbapenemase-encoding genes such as blaAIM-1, blaCAM-1, blaGIM-2, and blaHMB-1 were identified in distinct hosts. Our results revealed that, in general, the bacterial communities from humans were present in isolated clusters, except for the Northeastern region, where an overlap of the bacterial species from humans and food-producing animals was observed. Additionally, a large resistome was observed among all analyzed hosts, with emphasis on the presence of carbapenemase-encoding genes not previously reported in Latin America. IMPORTANCE Humans and food production animals have been reported to be important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (ARGs). The frequency of these multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria tends to be higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), due mainly to a lack of public health policies. Although studies on AMR in humans or animals have been carried out in Brazil, this is the first multicenter study that simultaneously collected rectal swabs from humans and food-producing animals for metagenomics. Our results indicate high microbial diversity among all analyzed hosts, and several ARGs for different antimicrobial classes were also found. As far as we know, we have detected for the first time ARGs encoding carbapenemases, such as blaAIM-1, blaCAM-1, blaGIM-2, and blaHMB-1, in Latin America. Thus, our results support the importance of metagenomics as a tool to track the colonization of food-producing animals and humans by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In addition, a network surveillance system called GUARANI, created for this study, is ready to be expanded and to collect additional data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data