Heterogeneidad Estructural en Argentina

La inserción primario exportadora de América Latina en el mercado mundial y la gran concentración del progreso técnico fueron dos de las características que los primeros estructuralistas como Prebish, Pinto y Furtado, señalaron al comienzo de la posguerra como propias del subdesarrollo latinoamericano. El primero de los problemas planteados llamó profundamente la atención de autores neoestructuralistas y post-keynesianos, quienes profundizaron y formalizaron modelos de crecimiento restringidos por la balanza de pagos para resaltar sus efectos. El segundo, relacionado con la concentración del progreso técnico y la heterogeneidad estructural resultante, fue abordado recientemente por autores evolucionistas - estructuralistas para explicar los problemas de inserción internacional y la elevada informalidad laboral en la región. En este sentido, el grado de heterogeneidad estructural y su evolución ayudan a definir si las economías se desarrollan o sólo transitan períodos de crecimiento espasmódicos dentro de un marco estructural de subdesarrollo. La experiencia argentina reciente muestra, por ejemplo, que las devaluaciones del tipo de cambio real pueden solucionar los problemas de balanza de pagos de corto plazo y reactivar la demanda agregada y el crecimiento. Sin embargo, es válido preguntarse si esta medida alcanza para solucionar los problemas estructurales de heterogeneidad o si se deben aplicar otras políticas. En la primera sección del presente trabajo se repasa el concepto de heterogeneidad estructural y sus consecuencias sobre el desarrollo económico. Luego, se analiza a nivel empírico la evolución que tuvo la heterogeneidad entre el agro y la industria argentina durante los años de convertibilidad y posconvertibilidad, donde se agrega un análisis transversal de las ramas industriales. Finalmente, se exponen algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones política económica.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Ciclos y devaluaciones en Argentina : Un enfoque heterodoxo

La política de devaluación de la moneda nacional es la respuesta común a los desequilibrios sostenidos en la cuenta corriente del balance de pagos que los países periféricos semi-industrializados como Argentina sufren periódicamente. El marco conceptual de tales recomendaciones es en general alguna versión del denominado modelo neoclásico con bienes transables - no transables (TNT; Sachs y Larraín, 1994). Este marco conceptual asume básicamente que los desequilibrios externos son producto de un cierto exceso de gasto doméstico (absorción) en relación con el volumen de producción local y que, por lo tanto, su solución supone una reducción de la demanda interna. Simultáneamente, sostiene la necesidad de un cambio en los precios relativos entre bienes transables (pasibles de ser comercializados internacionalmente, es decir exportados e importados) y bienes no transables. Este cambio en precios relativos debería satisfacer la denominada restricción externa, definida como la exigencia de que en el largo plazo los déficits de cuenta corriente deban ser compensados con superávits de igual magnitud.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la EducaciónFacultad de Ciencias Económica

Ciclos y devaluaciones en Argentina : Un enfoque heterodoxo

La política de devaluación de la moneda nacional es la respuesta común a los desequilibrios sostenidos en la cuenta corriente del balance de pagos que los países periféricos semi-industrializados como Argentina sufren periódicamente. El marco conceptual de tales recomendaciones es en general alguna versión del denominado modelo neoclásico con bienes transables - no transables (TNT; Sachs y Larraín, 1994). Este marco conceptual asume básicamente que los desequilibrios externos son producto de un cierto exceso de gasto doméstico (absorción) en relación con el volumen de producción local y que, por lo tanto, su solución supone una reducción de la demanda interna. Simultáneamente, sostiene la necesidad de un cambio en los precios relativos entre bienes transables (pasibles de ser comercializados internacionalmente, es decir exportados e importados) y bienes no transables. Este cambio en precios relativos debería satisfacer la denominada restricción externa, definida como la exigencia de que en el largo plazo los déficits de cuenta corriente deban ser compensados con superávits de igual magnitud.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la EducaciónFacultad de Ciencias Económica

Modulation of Transmission Spectra of Anodized Alumina Membrane Distributed Bragg Reflector by Controlling Anodization Temperature

We have successfully prepared anodized alumina membrane distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) using electrochemical anodization method. The transmission peak of this distributed Bragg reflector could be easily and effectively modulated to cover almost any wavelength range of the whole visible spectrum by adjusting anodization temperature

Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries

IMPORTANCE: Limited information exists about the epidemiology, recognition, management, and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate intensive care unit (ICU) incidence and outcome of ARDS and to assess clinician recognition, ventilation management, and use of adjuncts-for example prone positioning-in routine clinical practice for patients fulfilling the ARDS Berlin Definition. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:The Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) was an international, multicenter, prospective cohort study of patients undergoing invasive or noninvasive ventilation, conducted during 4 consecutive weeks in the winter of 2014 in a convenience sample of 459 ICUs from 50 countries across 5 continents. EXPOSURES:Acute respiratory distress syndrome. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was ICU incidence of ARDS. Secondary outcomes included assessment of clinician recognition of ARDS, the application of ventilatory management, the use of adjunctive interventions in routine clinical practice, and clinical outcomes from ARDS. RESULTS: Of 29,144 patients admitted to participating ICUs, 3022 (10.4%) fulfilled ARDS criteria. Of these, 2377 patients developed ARDS in the first 48 hours and whose respiratory failure was managed with invasive mechanical ventilation. The period prevalence of mild ARDS was 30.0% (95% CI, 28.2%-31.9%); of moderate ARDS, 46.6% (95% CI, 44.5%-48.6%); and of severe ARDS, 23.4% (95% CI, 21.7%-25.2%). ARDS represented 0.42 cases per ICU bed over 4 weeks and represented 10.4% (95% CI, 10.0%-10.7%) of ICU admissions and 23.4% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Clinical recognition of ARDS ranged from 51.3% (95% CI, 47.5%-55.0%) in mild to 78.5% (95% CI, 74.8%-81.8%) in severe ARDS. Less than two-thirds of patients with ARDS received a tidal volume 8 of mL/kg or less of predicted body weight. Plateau pressure was measured in 40.1% (95% CI, 38.2-42.1), whereas 82.6% (95% CI, 81.0%-84.1%) received a positive end-expository pressure (PEEP) of less than 12 cm H2O. Prone positioning was used in 16.3% (95% CI, 13.7%-19.2%) of patients with severe ARDS. Clinician recognition of ARDS was associated with higher PEEP, greater use of neuromuscular blockade, and prone positioning. Hospital mortality was 34.9% (95% CI, 31.4%-38.5%) for those with mild, 40.3% (95% CI, 37.4%-43.3%) for those with moderate, and 46.1% (95% CI, 41.9%-50.4%) for those with severe ARDS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among ICUs in 50 countries, the period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions. This syndrome appeared to be underrecognized and undertreated and associated with a high mortality rate. These findings indicate the potential for improvement in the management of patients with ARDS

Discovering local patterns of co - evolution: computational aspects and biological examples

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Co-evolution is the process in which two (or more) sets of orthologs exhibit a similar or correlative pattern of evolution. Co-evolution is a powerful way to learn about the functional interdependencies between sets of genes and cellular functions and to predict physical interactions. More generally, it can be used for answering fundamental questions about the evolution of biological systems.</p> <p>Orthologs that exhibit a strong signal of co-evolution in a certain part of the evolutionary tree may show a mild signal of co-evolution in other branches of the tree. The major reasons for this phenomenon are noise in the biological input, genes that gain or lose functions, and the fact that some measures of co-evolution relate to rare events such as positive selection. Previous publications in the field dealt with the problem of finding sets of genes that co-evolved along an entire underlying phylogenetic tree, without considering the fact that often co-evolution is local.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this work, we describe a new set of biological problems that are related to finding patterns of <it>local </it>co-evolution. We discuss their computational complexity and design algorithms for solving them. These algorithms outperform other bi-clustering methods as they are designed specifically for solving the set of problems mentioned above.</p> <p>We use our approach to trace the co-evolution of fungal, eukaryotic, and mammalian genes at high resolution across the different parts of the corresponding phylogenetic trees. Specifically, we discover regions in the fungi tree that are enriched with positive evolution. We show that metabolic genes exhibit a remarkable level of co-evolution and different patterns of co-evolution in various biological datasets.</p> <p>In addition, we find that protein complexes that are related to gene expression exhibit non-homogenous levels of co-evolution across different parts of the <it>fungi </it>evolutionary line. In the case of mammalian evolution, signaling pathways that are related to <it>neurotransmission </it>exhibit a relatively higher level of co-evolution along the <it>primate </it>subtree.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We show that finding local patterns of co-evolution is a computationally challenging task and we offer novel algorithms that allow us to solve this problem, thus opening a new approach for analyzing the evolution of biological systems.</p

Nucleophilic Functionalization of the Calix[6]arene Para- and Meta-Position via p‑Bromodienone Route

It is here demonstrated that the p-bromodienone route, previously reported for calix[4]arenes, is also effective for the functionalization of the calix[6]arene macrocycle. Thus, alcoholic O-nucleophiles can be introduced at the calix[6]arene exo rim. In addition, the reaction of a calix[6]arene p-bromodienone derivative with an actived aromatic substrate, such as resorcinol, led to the first example of a meta-functionalized, inherently chiral calix[6]arene derivativ

Study of e+e−→ppˉe^+e^- \rightarrow p\bar{p} in the vicinity of ψ(3770)\psi(3770)

Using 2917 $\rm{pb}^{-1}$ of data accumulated at 3.773~$\rm{GeV}$, 44.5~$\rm{pb}^{-1}$ of data accumulated at 3.65~$\rm{GeV}$ and data accumulated during a $\psi(3770)$ line-shape scan with the BESIII detector, the reaction $e^+e^-\rightarrow p\bar{p}$ is studied considering a possible interference between resonant and continuum amplitudes. The cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}$, $\sigma(e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p})$, is found to have two solutions, determined to be ($0.059\pm0.032\pm0.012$) pb with the phase angle $\phi = (255.8\pm37.9\pm4.8)^\circ$ ($<$0.11 pb at the 90% confidence level), or $\sigma(e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}) = (2.57\pm0.12\pm0.12$) pb with $\phi = (266.9\pm6.1\pm0.9)^\circ$ both of which agree with a destructive interference. Using the obtained cross section of $\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}$, the cross section of $p\bar{p}\rightarrow \psi(3770)$, which is useful information for the future PANDA experiment, is estimated to be either ($9.8\pm5.7$) nb ($<17.2$ nb at 90% C.L.) or $(425.6\pm42.9)$ nb

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) is an interesting process to obtain high valuable compounds and could contribute to the increase in the value of some food by-products when used as sources of natural compounds. The main benefits will be a more effective extraction, thus saving energy, and also the use of moderate temperatures, which is beneficial for heat-sensitive compounds. For a successful application of the USAE, it is necessary to consider the influence of several process variables, the main ones being the applied ultrasonic power, the frequency, the extraction temperature, the reactor characteristics, and the solvent-sample interaction. The highest extraction rate is usually achieved in the first few minutes, which is the most profitable period. 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The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: design, upgrade, and production

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module includes also calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. The power board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and several prototypes were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began, resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced and deployed, 828 until October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board, to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. After the validation of a pre-production series, a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation, and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests conducted to ensure the safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea throughout the observatory's lifespa