La digitalisation bancaire : approche conceptuelle et théorique Cas des banques participatives

Abstract Marketing is a discipline whose role is to bring institutions closer to their customers, digitalization is at the heart of this adaptation with the development of new information and communication technologies. In the banking sector, products and services are distinguished by the quality of service and by the price. Banks seek to have a competitive advantage by putting customer satisfaction as the main objective, but with the popularization of digitalization in all areas of our daily lives, customers have become accustomed to the new digital standards that offer customers increased customization, unlimited availability and continuous scalability over time. Digitization is based on the use of new digital technologies such as social networks, mobile technologies and integrated tools for processing customer data in order to improve the customer experience. In the case of participatory banks, digitalization requires a change in operational processes to radically improve the performance of banks and meet the requirements of customers who are looking for products that respect Sharia rules and at the same time in harmony with new trends in the economy. Innovation. The objective of our work and to know the various modes of the policy of distribution in the case of the banking sector and to be able to stress the most adequate mode for the participative banks thus we seek to study which are the factors of adoption of banking digitalization and what are the enabling technologies. In this work, we begin with a presentation of the distribution policy in the banking sector. We will present a literature review of the concept of digitalization and we conclude our research with a synthesis of technologies facilitating banking digitalization. Keywords: Marketing; Participatory banks; distribution policy; digitalization; banking service JEL Classification: M15, M31 Paper type: Theoretical ResearchLe marketing est une discipline qui a pour rôle de rapprocher les institutions de leurs clients, la digitalisation se situe au cœur de cette adaptation avec le développement des nouvelles technologies d’information et de communication. Dans le secteur bancaire, les produits et services se distinguent par la qualité de service et par le prix. Les banques cherchent à avoir un avantage concurrentiel en mettant en avant la satisfaction de leur client comme principal objectif, mais avec la vulgarisation de la digitalisation dans tous les domaines de notre quotidien, les clients se sont habitués avec les nouveaux standards digitaux qui offrent aux clients une personnalisation accrue, une disponibilité illimitée et une évolutivité continue au fil du temps. La digitalisation se base sur l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies digitales comme les réseaux sociaux, les technologies mobiles et les outils intégrés de traitement des données client afin de permettre l’amélioration de l’expérience client. Pour le cas des banques participatives, la digitalisation nécessite un changement de processus opérationnel pour améliorer radicalement les performances des banques est satisfaire les exigences des clients qui cherchent des produits qui respectent les règles carnatiques et en même temps en harmonie avec les nouvelles tendances de l’innovation. L’objectif de notre travail et de connaitre les différents modes de la politique de distribution dans le cas du secteur bancaire et pouvoir mettre l’accent sur le mode le plus adéquat pour les banques participatives ainsi nous cherchons à étudier quels sont les facteurs d’adoption de la digitalisation bancaire et quelles sont les technologies facilitatrice. Dans ce travail, nous commençons par une présentation de la politique de distribution dans le secteur bancaire. Nous exposerons une revue de littérature de la notion de digitalisation et nous concluons notre recherche par une synthèse des technologies facilitatrice de la digitalisation bancaire. Mots clés : Marketing ; Banques participatives ; politique de distribution ; digitalisation bancaire ; service bancaire Classification JEL : M15, M31 Type de l’article : Article théoriqu

Marketing en finance islamique : La segmentation comme élément de différentiation : Cas des banques participatives

Actuellement dans le secteur bancaire marocain, on retrouve la cohabitation de deux types de banques, les banques conventionnelles et les banques participatives qui cherchent à se démarquer et à attirer le maximum de clients qui font confiance aux principes éthiques de la finance islamique. L'objectif principal de cet article est de présenter la première étape de la stratégie marketing des banques participatives. Cette étape consiste à analyser les besoins des consommateurs à travers la segmentation dans le but de présenter les caractéristiques d'une segmentation efficace ainsi que comprendre et anticiper le comportement des clients afin de les diviser en segments homogènes, et pour pouvoir les atteindre avec des produits adaptés à leurs besoins et croyances. Les banques participatives ne peuvent pas attirer tous les clients potentiels sur le marché bancaire, car elles ont nécessairement des besoins, des habitudes et des croyances différents. Chaque banque doit donc se concentrer sur les clients qu'elle est la mieux placée pour servir

La mise en œuvre de la politique produit du marketing mix dans le cadre des banques participatives

The banking market is characterized by growing competition and a well-informed, highly demanding and volatile clientele. Participatory banks are forced to strengthen and improve their market positions in terms of presence, market share and reputation. The nature of banking activity and the innovative and creative nature of the banking sector, in recent years, banks need to focus their efforts on understanding customer needs and segmenting the market into homogeneous subsets to meet the needs of each segment. It is important to study the product policy of the marketing mix which consists of analyzing the needs of the segments to be satisfied and then finding the benefits to be brought to offer customers. The analysis of marketing mix product policy makes it possible to adapt to the particularities of the participatory banks in order to understand the customers while analyzing the needs and requirements of the customers to ensure a better satisfaction. We go through a study of the needs of the segments to be met, then the study of the characteristics of a banking service and the performance criteria in banking services. In the end we focused on the importance of the implementation of the new service in the product policy of the marketing mix and finally the success factors of these new services.Le marché bancaire se caractérise par une compétition croissante et une clientèle bien informée, très exigeante et volatile. Les banques participatives se voient contraintes de renforcer et d’améliorer leurs positions sur le marché en termes de présence, de part de marché et de notoriété. La nature de l’activité bancaire et le caractère innovant et créatif que connait le secteur bancaire, ces dernières années, exige pour les banques de concentrer leurs efforts pour comprendre les besoins des clients et segmenter le marché en sous-ensembles homogènes, et ce, dans le but de satisfaire les besoins de chaque segment. Il est important d’étudier la politique produit du marketing mix qui consiste à analyser les besoins des segments a satisfaire puis trouver les bénéfices a apporté pour offrir aux clients un service bancaire adapté à leur besoin et exigence. L’analyse de la politique produit du marketing mix permet de s’adapter aux particularités des banques participatives afin de comprendre les clients tout en analysant les besoins et les exigences des clients pour assurer une meilleure satisfaction. Nous passons par une étude des besoins des segments à satisfaire, puis l’étude des caractéristiques d’un service bancaire et les critères de performance dans les services bancaires. En fin nous avons mis l’accent sur l’importance de la mise en place de nouveau service dans la politique produit du marketing mix et finalement les facteurs de succès de ces nouveaux services. &nbsp

KYSTE DERMOÏDE DU CONE MEDULLAIRE

Les auteurs rapportent une observation de kyste dermoïde du cône médullaire sans lésion dysraphique associée chez un jeune patient de 19 ans, révélé par l’installation insidieuse depuis environ 06 ans de lombo-sciatalgies gauches tronquées au niveau du genou puis devenu bilatérales 02 mois avant son hospitalisation et associées à des troubles génito-sphinctériennes. L’I.R.M lombaire a montré un processus occupant le canal lombaire s’étendant de L1 à L3 responsable d’un effacement des espaces périmédullaires et un scalloping vertébral en regard. Le patient a été opéré par voie postérieure et a bénéficié d’une exérèse totale de sa tumeur. L’examen anatomopathologique a confirmé le diagnostic. Les suites opératoires ont été favorables

Role of liposome and peptide in the synergistic enhancement of transfection with a lipopolyplex vector

Lipopolyplexes are of widespread interest for gene therapy due to their multifunctionality and high transfection efficiencies. Here we compared the biological and biophysical properties of a lipopolyplex formulation with its lipoplex and polyplex equivalents to assess the role of the lipid and peptide components in the formation and function of the lipopolyplex formulation. We show that peptide efficiently packaged plasmid DNA forming spherical, highly cationic nanocomplexes that are taken up efficiently by cells. However, transgene expression was poor, most likely due to endosomal degradation since the polyplex lacks membrane trafficking properties. In addition the strong peptide-DNA interaction may prevent plasmid release from the complex and so limit plasmid DNA availability. Lipid/DNA lipoplexes, on the other hand, produced aggregated masses that showed poorer cellular uptake than the polyplex but contrastingly greater levels of transgene expression. This may be due to the greater ability of lipoplexes relative to polyplexes to promote endosomal escape. Lipopolyplex formulations formed spherical, cationic nanocomplexes with efficient cellular uptake and significantly enhanced transfection efficiency. The lipopolyplexes combined the optimal features of lipoplexes and polyplexes showing optimal cell uptake, endosomal escape and availability of plasmid for transcription, thus explaining the synergistic increase in transfection efficiency

Exploring the correlation between lipid packaging in lipoplexes and their transfection efficacy

Whilst there is a large body of evidence looking at the design of cationic liposomes as transfection agents, correlates of formulation to function remain elusive. In this research, we investigate if lipid packaging can give further insights into transfection efficacy. DNA lipoplexes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) in combination with 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) or 1,2-stearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP) were prepared by the lipid hydration method. Each of the formulations was prepared by hydration in dH2O or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) to investigate the effect of buffer salts on lipoplex physicochemical characteristics and in vitro transfection. In addition, Langmuir monolayer studies were performed to investigate any possible correlation between lipid packaging and liposome attributes. Using PBS, rather than dH2O, to prepare the lipoplexes increased the size of vesicles in most of formulations and resulted in variation in transfection efficacies. However, one combination of lipids (DSPE:DOTAP) could not form liposomes in PBS, whilst the DSPE:DSTAP combination could not form liposomes in either aqueous media. Monolayer studies demonstrated saturated lipid combinations offered dramatically closer molecular packing compared to the other combinations which could suggest why this lipid combination could not form vesicles. Of the lipoplexes prepared, those formulated with DSTAP showed higher transfection efficacy, however, the effect of buffer on transfection efficiency was formulation dependent

Detection of peptide-based nanoparticles in blood plasma by ELISA

Aims: The aim of the current study was to develop a method to detect peptide-linked nanoparticles in blood plasma. Materials & Methods: A convenient enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of peptides functionalized with biotin and fluorescein groups. As a proof of principle, polymerized pentafluorophenyl methacrylate nanoparticles linked to biotin-carboxyfluorescein labeled peptides were intravenously injected in Wistar rats. Serial blood plasma samples were analyzed by ELISA and by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) technology. Results: The ELISA based method for the detection of FITC labeled peptides had a detection limit of 1 ng/mL. We were able to accurately measure peptides bound to pentafluorophenyl meth-acrylate nanoparticles in blood plasma of rats, and similar results were obtained by LC/MS. Conclusions: We detected FITC-labeled peptides on pentafluorophenyl methacrylate nanoparticles after injection in vivo. This method can be extended to detect nanoparticles with different chemical compositions

Probing the in vitro mechanism of action of cationic lipid/DNA lipoplexes at a nanometric scale

Cationic lipids are used for delivering nucleic acids (lipoplexes) into cells for both therapeutic and biological applications. A better understanding of the identified key-steps, including endocytosis, endosomal escape and nuclear delivery is required for further developments to improve their efficacy. Here, we developed a labelling protocol using aminated nanoparticles as markers for plasmid DNA to examine the intracellular route of lipoplexes in cell lines using transmission electron microscopy. Morphological changes of lipoplexes, membrane reorganizations and endosomal membrane ruptures were observed allowing the understanding of the lipoplex mechanism until the endosomal escape mediated by cationic lipids. The study carried out on two cationic lipids, bis(guanidinium)-tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-cholesterol (BGTC) and dioleyl succinyl paramomycin (DOSP), showed two pathways of endosomal escape that could explain their different transfection efficiencies. For BGTC, a partial or complete dissociation of DNA from cationic lipids occurred before endosomal escape while for DOSP, lipoplexes remained visible within ruptured vesicles suggesting a more direct pathway for DNA release and endosome escape. In addition, the formation of new multilamellar lipid assemblies was noted, which could result from the interaction between cationic lipids and cellular compounds. These results provide new insights into DNA transfer pathways and possible implications of cationic lipids in lipid metabolism

Role of DNA topology in uptake of polyplex molecules by dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are an attractive target for DNA vaccines as they are potent antigen presenting cells. This study demonstrated how non-viral gene delivery to DCs involving complexes of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) (polyplexes) showed dependence on DNA vector topology. DNA topology is of importance from both production and regulatory viewpoints. In our previous study with CHO cells we demonstrated that polyplex uptake was dependent on DNA topology whereby complexes containing supercoiled (SC) pDNA were smaller, more resistant to nucleases and more effectively condensed by PLL than open circular (OC) and linear-pDNA complexes. In this study polyplex uptake in DCs was measured qualitatively and quantitatively by confocal microscopy along with gene expression studies and measurement of DC phenotype. PLL is known for its ability to condense DNA and serve as an effective gene delivery vehicle. Quantification studies revealed that by 1h following uptake 15% (±2.59% relative standard error [RSE]) of SC-pDNA polyplexes were identified to be associated (fluorescent co-localisation) with the nucleus, in comparison to no nuclear association identified for OC- and linear-pDNA complexes. By 48 h following uptake, 30% (±1.82% RSE) of SC-pDNA complexes associated with the nucleus in comparison to 16% (±4.40% RSE) and 12% (±6.97% RSE) of OC- and linear-pDNA polyplexes respectively. Confocal microscopy images showed how DNA and PLL remained associated following uptake by dual labelling. Polyplex (containing 20 μg pDNA) gene expression (plasmid encoded lacZ [β-galactosidase] reporter gene) in DCs was greatest for SC-pDNA polyplexes at 14.12% unlike that of OC- (9.59%) and linear-pDNA (7.43%). DCs express cell surface markers which contribute towards antigen presentation. Polyplex gene expression did not alter DC phenotype through surface marker expression. This may be due to the pDNA dose employed (20μg) as other studies have used doses as high as 200 μg pDNA to induce DC phenotypic changes. Although no change in DC phenotype occurred, this could be advantageous in terms of biocompatibility. Collectively these results indicate that DNA topology is an important parameter for DC vector design, particularly pDNA in the SC conformation in regards to DNA vaccination studies

A Novel Mechanism Is Involved in Cationic Lipid-Mediated Functional siRNA Delivery

A key challenge for therapeutic application of RNA interference is to efficiently deliver synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into target cells that will lead to the knockdown of the target transcript (functional siRNA delivery). To facilitate rational development of nonviral carriers, we have investigated by imaging, pharmacological and genetic approaches the mechanisms by which a cationic lipid carrier mediates siRNA delivery into mammalian cells. We show that 95% of siRNA lipoplexes enter the cells through endocytosis and persist in endolysosomes for a prolonged period of time. However, inhibition of clathrin-, caveolin-, or lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis fails to inhibit the knockdown of the target transcript. In contrast, depletion of cholesterol from the plasma membrane has little effect on the cellular uptake of siRNA lipoplexes, but it abolishes the target transcript knockdown. Furthermore, functional siRNA delivery occurs within a few hours and is gradually inhibited by lowering temperatures. These results demonstrate that although endocytosis is responsible for the majority of cellular uptake of siRNA lipoplexes, a minor pathway, probably mediated by fusion between siRNA lipoplexes and the plasma membrane, is responsible for the functional siRNA delivery. Our findings suggest possible directions for improving functional siRNA delivery by cationic lipids.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Grant AI56267)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Grant CA112967)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Grant CA119349)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (Post-doctoral fellowship