182 research outputs found

    Household Water Demand Estimation using Micro-Level Data

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    La Reunion Island is facing to specific difficulties in supplying drinking water. In the western part of this french departement drincking water is lacking. In this context, well-suited policies require to know perfectly households consumption behavior. To this end, the household water demand function is estimated. Data have been recorded on a random sample of 2000 consumers by a telephone poll. Water bills have been collected by post, from 200 volunteer households.

    Editorial

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    Les politiques d’exception et de suspicion ne couvrent pas, loin s’en faut, les logiques du champ des professionnels de la sĂ©curitĂ©. La question de l’action humanitaire, celle des raisons qui poussent les ONG et les gouvernements Ă  agir selon ces normes en est un autre volet central. Cultures & Conflits avait abordĂ©, il y a plusieurs annĂ©es, la question des relations entre interventions armĂ©es et causes humanitaires, et avait poursuivi la rĂ©flexion sur les transformations du mĂ©tier militaire,..

    Dans le noir. La piĂšce qu’on ne voit pas (Bonbon acidulĂ© de Ricardo Sued )

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    NDR : Ce dossier donne Ă  entendre plusieurs voix, celle de l’auteur de la piĂšce (R. Sued), celles de ses personnages (EugĂ©nie, MarĂ­a et les autres), celle d’une spectatrice (A. GarcĂ­a Castro), celle d’un comĂ©dien et metteur en scĂšne (G. Reyna). Un mot semble nĂ©cessaire sur les conditions de travail car celles-ci renvoient, en partie, Ă  la piĂšce elle-mĂȘme et Ă  sa spĂ©cificitĂ© la plus Ă©vidente (elle se dĂ©roule dans l’obscuritĂ© et, selon le mot d’Estelle Durand, traite « de la force de la rĂ©minis..

    Estimation de la demande d'eau potable Ă  La RĂ©union sur donnĂ©es d'enquĂȘte

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    L'article prĂ©sente et exploite une enquĂȘte rĂ©alisĂ©e auprĂšs de 2000 mĂ©nages, par nos soins Ă  la RĂ©union. L'objectif est d'analyser les comportements de consommation d'eau potable afin de rĂ©duire les excĂšs de consommation domestique. On estime pour cela la fonction de demande d'eau. On montre ainsi qu'une politique de prix, transitant via un effet revenu virtuel peut ĂȘtre prĂ©conisĂ©e pour les bas revenus. Cette politique pourra ĂȘtre complĂ©tĂ©e par une campagne de prĂ©vention auprĂšs des mĂ©nages habitant une maison situĂ©e dans les zones climatiques les plus exposĂ©es au manque d'eau.demande d'eau potable, sondage, variables instrumentales, donnĂ©es manquantes

    Diet-Related Metabolites Associated with Cognitive Decline Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomics in a Prospective Cohort

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    Scope: Untargeted metabolomics may reveal preventive targets in cognitive aging, including within the food metabolome. Methods and results: A case-control study nested in the prospective Three-City study includes participants aged &65 years and initially free of dementia. A total of 209 cases of cognitive decline and 209 controls (matched for age, gen- der, education) with slower cognitive decline over up to 12 years are contrasted. Using untargeted metabolomics and bootstrap-enhanced penalized regression, a baseline serum signature of 22 metabolites associated with subsequent cognitive decline is identified. The signature includes three coffee metabolites, a biomarker of citrus intake, a cocoa metabolite, two metabolites putatively derived from fish and wine, three medium-chain acylcarnitines, glycodeoxycholic acid, lysoPC(18:3), trimethyllysine, glucose, cortisol, creatinine, and arginine. Adding the 22 metabolites to a reference predictive model for cognitive decline (conditioned on age, gender, education and including ApoE-Δ4, diabetes, BMI, and number of medications) substantially increases the predictive performance: cross-validated Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve = 75% [95% CI 70-80%] compared to 62% [95% CI 56-67%]. Conclusions: The untargeted metabolomics study supports a protective role of specific foods (e.g., coffee, cocoa, fish) and various alterations in the endogenous metabolism responsive to diet in cognitive aging

    The influence of religious identity and socio-economic status on diet over time, an example from medieval France

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    In Southern France as in other parts of Europe, significant changes occurred in settlement patterns between the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Small communities gathered to form, by the tenth century, villages organized around a church. This development was the result of a new social and agrarian organization. Its impact on lifestyles and, more precisely, on diet is still poorly understood. The analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in bone collagen from the inhabitants of the well-preserved medieval rural site Missignac-Saint Gilles le Vieux (fifth to thirteenth centuries, Gard, France) provides insight into their dietary practices and enables a discussion about its transformation over time. A sample of 152 adult individuals dated from 675 to 1175 AD (75 females, 77 males) and 75 specimens from 16 non-human species were analyzed. Results show the exploitation of freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems as well as various breeding practices specific to each species. The use of both C4 and halophyte plants for feeding domestic animals was also observed. Concerning human dietary practices, a change seemed to occur at the beginning of the tenth century with an increase of ÎŽ15N values and a decrease of ÎŽ13C values. This corresponds to the introduction of a significant amount of freshwater resources into the diet and could be related to the evolution of the Catholic doctrine. A concomitant diversification of access to individual food resources was also observed, probably linked to the increased diversity of practice inside a population otherwise perceived as one community

    Nutrimetabolomics: An Integrative Action for Metabolomic Analyses in Human Nutritional Studies

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    The life sciences are currently being transformed by an unprecedented wave of developments in molecular analysis, which include important advances in instrumental analysis as well as biocomputing. In light of the central role played by metabolism in nutrition, metabolomics is rapidly being established as a key analytical tool in human nutritional studies. Consequently, an increasing number of nutritionists integrate metabolomics into their study designs. Within this dynamic landscape, the potential of nutritional metabolomics (nutrimetabolomics) to be translated into a science, which can impact on health policies, still needs to be realized. A key element to reach this goal is the ability of the research community to join, to collectively make the best use of the potential offered by nutritional metabolomics. This article, therefore, provides a methodological description of nutritional metabolomics that reflects on the state‐of‐the‐art techniques used in the laboratories of the Food Biomarker Alliance (funded by the European Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life" (JPI HDHL)) as well as points of reflections to harmonize this field. It is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to present a pragmatic guidance on metabolomic methodologies, providing readers with useful "tips and tricks" along the analytical workflow

    Death and the Societies of Late Antiquity

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    Ce volume bilingue, comprenant un ensemble de 28 contributions disponibles en français et en anglais (dans leur version longue ou abrĂ©gĂ©e), propose d’établir un Ă©tat des lieux des rĂ©flexions, recherches et Ă©tudes conduites sur le fait funĂ©raire Ă  l’époque tardo-antique au sein des provinces de l’Empire romain et sur leurs rĂ©gions limitrophes, afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives sur ses Ă©volutions possibles. Au cours des trois derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, les transformations considĂ©rables des mĂ©thodologies dĂ©ployĂ©es sur le terrain et en laboratoire ont permis un renouveau des questionnements sur les populations et les pratiques funĂ©raires de l’AntiquitĂ© tardive, pĂ©riode marquĂ©e par de multiples changements politiques, sociaux, dĂ©mographiques et culturels. L’apparition de ce qui a Ă©tĂ© initialement dĂ©signĂ© comme une « Anthropologie de terrain », qui fut le dĂ©but de la dĂ©marche archĂ©othanatologique, puis le rĂ©cent dĂ©veloppement d’approches collaboratives entre des domaines scientifiques divers (archĂ©othanatologie, biochimie et gĂ©ochimie, gĂ©nĂ©tique, histoire, Ă©pigraphie par exemple) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©cisives pour le renouvellement des problĂ©matiques d’étude : rĂ©vision d’anciens concepts comme apparition d’axes d’analyse inĂ©dits. Les recherches rassemblĂ©es dans cet ouvrage sont articulĂ©es autour de quatre grands thĂšmes : l’évolution des pratiques funĂ©raires dans le temps, l’identitĂ© sociale dans la mort, les ensembles funĂ©raires en transformation (organisation et topographie) et les territoires de l’empire (du cƓur aux marges). Ces Ă©tudes proposent un rĂ©examen et une rĂ©vision des donnĂ©es, tant anthropologiques qu’archĂ©ologiques ou historiques sur l’AntiquitĂ© tardive, et rĂ©vĂšlent, Ă  cet Ă©gard, une mosaĂŻque de paysages politiques, sociaux et culturels singuliĂšrement riches et complexes. Elles accroissent nos connaissances sur le traitement des dĂ©funts, l’emplacement des aires funĂ©raires ou encore la structure des sĂ©pultures, en rĂ©vĂ©lant une diversitĂ© de pratiques, et permettent au final de relancer la rĂ©flexion sur la maniĂšre dont les sociĂ©tĂ©s tardo-antiques envisagent la mort et sur les Ă©lĂ©ments permettant d’identifier et de dĂ©finir la diversitĂ© des groupes qui les composent. Elles dĂ©montrent ce faisant que nous pouvons vĂ©ritablement apprĂ©hender les structures culturelles et sociales des communautĂ©s anciennes et leurs potentielles transformations, Ă  partir de l’étude des pratiques funĂ©raires.This bilingual volume proposes to draw up an assessment of the recent research conducted on funerary behavior during Late Antiquity in the provinces of the Roman Empire and on their borders, in order to open new perspectives on its possible developments. The considerable transformations of the methodologies have raised the need for a renewal of the questions on the funerary practices during Late Antiquity, a period marked by multiple political, social, demographic and cultural changes. The emergence field anthropology, which was the beginning of archaeothanatology, and then the recent development of collaborative approaches between various scientific fields (archaeothanatology, biochemistry and geochemistry, genetics, history, epigraphy, for example), have been decisive. The research collected in this book is structured around four main themes: Evolution of funerary practices over time; Social identity through death; Changing burial grounds (organisation and topography); Territories of the Empire (from the heart to the margins). These studies propose a review and a revision of the data, both anthropological and archaeological or historical on Late Antiquity, and reveal a mosaic of political, social, and cultural landscapes singularly rich and complex. In doing so, they demonstrate that we can truly understand the cultural and social structures of ancient communities and their potential transformations, based on the study of funerary practices

    Tours 2030 : une vie pareille autrement
 Étude sociologique sur les conditions d'acceptation d'un scĂ©nario « Ville post-carbone »

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    La recherche « Conditions d'acceptation d'un scĂ©nario Vivre Post Carbone » interroge, sous l'angle sociologique, la rĂ©ception, par les habitants des territoires concernĂ©s, du scĂ©nario « Vivre Post Carbone 2030 »pour le pĂ©rimĂštre du SCoT (SchĂ©ma de CohĂ©rence territoriale) de l'agglomĂ©ration tourangelle (37). Une trentaine d'entretiens qualitatifs ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s auprĂšs de mĂ©nages tourangeaux d'Ăąges, de niveaux de revenus et de lieux de rĂ©sidence diffĂ©rents. La question des impacts et des coĂ»ts sociaux du scĂ©nario, plus globalement de son acceptabilitĂ© par les habitants, constitue la trame des rĂ©sultats. Le scĂ©nario est, en effet, diversement reçu par les interviewĂ©s en fonction de leurs contraintes objectives et de la perception de leurs propres marges de manƓuvre. Dans tous les cas, les Ă©lĂ©ments du scĂ©nario apparaissent comme d'autant plus crĂ©dibles, acceptables et « dĂ©sirables »qu'ils convoquent des Ă©chelles de temps et d'espace appropriables par les individus. Loin d'adopter une position d'objection ou d'hostilitĂ© de principe Ă  tout changement, les mĂ©nages rappellent que l'enjeu principal pour eux reste le maintien et/ou l'amĂ©lioration de leurs cadres et modes de vie
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