66 research outputs found

    Holocene land-use evolution and associated soil erosion in the French Prealps inferred from Lake Paladru sediments and archaeological evidences

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    International audienceA source-to-sink multi-proxy approach has been performed within Lake Paladru (492 m a.s.l., French Prealps) catchment and a six-meter long sediment sequence retrieved from the central lacustrine basin. The combination of minerogenic signal, specific organic markers of autochthonous and allochthonous supply and archaeological data allows the reconstruction of a continuous record of past human disturbances. Over the last 10000 years, the lacustrine sedimentation was dominated by autochthonous carbonates and the watershed was mostly forest-covered. However, seven phases of higher accumulation rate, soil erosion, algal productivity and landscape disturbances have been identified and dated from 8400-7900, 6000-4800, 4500-3200, 2700-2050 cal BP as well as AD 350-850, AD 1250-1850 and after AD 1970. Before 5200 cal BP, soil erosion is interpreted as resulting from climatic deterioration phases toward cooler and wetter conditions. During the Mid-Late Holocene period, erosion fluxes and landscape disturbances are always associated with prehistorical and historical human activities and amplified by climatic oscillations. Such changes in human land-used led to increasing minerogenic supply and nutrients loading that affected lacustrine trophic levels, especially during the last 1600 years. In addition, organic and molecular markers document previously unknown human settlements around Lake Paladru during the Bronze and the Iron Ages

    Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

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    Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≄ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

    15 000 ans d'évolution des écosystÚmes sous contrÎle climatique et anthropique entre Jura et Bas Dauphiné : végétation, feu et erosion des sols

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    This thesis aims to reconstruct vegetation and soil dynamics, as well as ire activity variabilityin the East-central part of France since the Last-glacial period (ca. 15000 yr). The objective is mostparticularly to disentangle the role of climate and anthropogenic forcing factors in ecosystems dynamics.Actually, the problematic concerns the switch from a climatic- to anthropogenic-driven ecosystemsand the study of agro-pastoral practices impact which leads to an ecological trajectory change. Thus,palaeoecological analysis (pollen, geochemical and micro-anthracological) were performed from threelake sediment records of Southern Jura Mountains and Bas DauphinĂ© areas.During the Late-glacial and the early Holocene period (14700 to 9000 cal. BP), palaeoecologicalchanges appear strongly correlated to regional and global climate oscillations. Until the mid-Holocene(9000 to 5000 cal BP), pollen analysis record a small-scale human impact on forest cover and nosigniicant changes in ire activity and soil erosion. Moreover, none climate change has been suficientlyintense or sustainable to generate remarkable modiications of the ecosystem. From 5000-4500 cal. BP,the sedimentary deposits recorded an increase in ire activity related to its use as a clearing tool. Thisperiod corresponds to the switch from a natural to an anthropogenic control on ires activity.It was only from ca. 2300 cal BP (Late Iron Age) that agro-pastoral activities become enoughintense to induce sustainable change in the vegetation cover and generate unprecedented erosion of soils.In parallel, the ire use changed and it became a tool for the management of agro-pastoral areas. Therefore,the human impact can be considered as permanent and a tipping point has been reached in the history oflandscape shaping. However, three main periods: Iron Age to roman period, medieval and modern timescan be distinguished through the development of agro-pastoral practices and their impact on ecosystems,most particularly on soil erosion.Cette thĂšse vise Ă  reconstituer les dynamiques de vĂ©gĂ©tation et des sols, ainsi que l’activitĂ© des feux depuis la derniĂšre pĂ©riode glaciaire dans le Centre-Est de la France. L’objectif est plus particuliĂšrement de dĂ©terminer la pĂ©riode Ă  partir de laquelle les forçages anthropiques prennent le pas sur les forçages climatiques dans la dynamique des Ă©cosystĂšmes et Ă  caractĂ©riser la nature et l’intensitĂ© des pratiques agro-pastorales qui accompagnent ce changement. Pour cela des analyses palĂ©o-Ă©cologiques (palynologiques,micro-anthracologiques et gĂ©ochimiques) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  partir de trois sĂ©quences sĂ©dimentaires lacustres du Sud-Jura et du Bas DauphinĂ©.Du Tardiglaciaire au dĂ©but de l’HolocĂšne, soit de 14700 Ă  9000 cal. BP, les Ă©volutions des indicateurs palĂ©o-Ă©cologiques apparaissent fortement corrĂ©lĂ©es aux oscillations climatiques rĂ©gionales et globales. Jusqu’au milieu de l’HolocĂšne, de 9000 Ă  5000 cal. BP environ, les donnĂ©es polliniques montrent un impact anthropique de faible ampleur sur la couverture forestiĂšre, qui n’engendre aucun changement significatif dans l’activitĂ© des feux et les dynamiques d’érosion. De plus, durant cette pĂ©riode,aucun changement climatique ne semble avoir Ă©tĂ© suffisamment intense ou durable pour engendrer des modifications remarquables des Ă©cosystĂšmes. A partir de 5000-4500 cal. BP, les dĂ©pĂŽts sĂ©dimentaires enregistrent une augmentation de l’activitĂ© des feux liĂ©e Ă  son utilisation comme outil de conquĂȘte par l’homme sur la forĂȘt (essartage par exemple). Cette pĂ©riode correspond au passage d’un rĂ©gime de feu sous « contrĂŽle naturel » Ă  un rĂ©gime sous « contrĂŽle anthropique ». Ce n’est que plus tardivement, vers 2300 cal BP (second Ăąge du Fer), que les activitĂ©s agropastorales deviennent assez intenses pour modifier durablement la couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale et gĂ©nĂ©rer une Ă©rosion sans prĂ©cĂ©dent des sols. Le rĂ©gime du feu change Ă  nouveau, suite Ă  une modification de son usage ; il devient alors un outil de gestion des espaces agropastoraux et les analyses attestent de son rĂŽle capital dans les dynamiques de transformation et d’évolution des paysages. La pression anthropique devient permanente et un seuil important semble avoir Ă©tĂ© franchi dans l’histoire locale des agro-systĂšmes.Au sein de cette pĂ©riode trĂšs anthropisĂ©e, trois grandes pĂ©riodes se dĂ©tachent : l’ñge du Fer jusqu’à la pĂ©riode romaine, le Moyen Age et l’époque moderne se distinguent par leurs types de pratiques agro-pastorales et leurs effets sur l’érosion des sols

    15 000 years of ecosystem evolutions under climate and anthropogenic controls between jura and Bas Dauphiné : vegetation fire and soil erosion

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    Cette thĂšse vise Ă  reconstituer les dynamiques de vĂ©gĂ©tation et des sols, ainsi que l’activitĂ© des feux depuis la derniĂšre pĂ©riode glaciaire dans le Centre-Est de la France. L’objectif est plus particuliĂšrement de dĂ©terminer la pĂ©riode Ă  partir de laquelle les forçages anthropiques prennent le pas sur les forçages climatiques dans la dynamique des Ă©cosystĂšmes et Ă  caractĂ©riser la nature et l’intensitĂ© des pratiques agro-pastorales qui accompagnent ce changement. Pour cela des analyses palĂ©o-Ă©cologiques (palynologiques,micro-anthracologiques et gĂ©ochimiques) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  partir de trois sĂ©quences sĂ©dimentaires lacustres du Sud-Jura et du Bas DauphinĂ©.Du Tardiglaciaire au dĂ©but de l’HolocĂšne, soit de 14700 Ă  9000 cal. BP, les Ă©volutions des indicateurs palĂ©o-Ă©cologiques apparaissent fortement corrĂ©lĂ©es aux oscillations climatiques rĂ©gionales et globales. Jusqu’au milieu de l’HolocĂšne, de 9000 Ă  5000 cal. BP environ, les donnĂ©es polliniques montrent un impact anthropique de faible ampleur sur la couverture forestiĂšre, qui n’engendre aucun changement significatif dans l’activitĂ© des feux et les dynamiques d’érosion. De plus, durant cette pĂ©riode,aucun changement climatique ne semble avoir Ă©tĂ© suffisamment intense ou durable pour engendrer des modifications remarquables des Ă©cosystĂšmes. A partir de 5000-4500 cal. BP, les dĂ©pĂŽts sĂ©dimentaires enregistrent une augmentation de l’activitĂ© des feux liĂ©e Ă  son utilisation comme outil de conquĂȘte par l’homme sur la forĂȘt (essartage par exemple). Cette pĂ©riode correspond au passage d’un rĂ©gime de feu sous « contrĂŽle naturel » Ă  un rĂ©gime sous « contrĂŽle anthropique ». Ce n’est que plus tardivement, vers 2300 cal BP (second Ăąge du Fer), que les activitĂ©s agropastorales deviennent assez intenses pour modifier durablement la couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale et gĂ©nĂ©rer une Ă©rosion sans prĂ©cĂ©dent des sols. Le rĂ©gime du feu change Ă  nouveau, suite Ă  une modification de son usage ; il devient alors un outil de gestion des espaces agropastoraux et les analyses attestent de son rĂŽle capital dans les dynamiques de transformation et d’évolution des paysages. La pression anthropique devient permanente et un seuil important semble avoir Ă©tĂ© franchi dans l’histoire locale des agro-systĂšmes.Au sein de cette pĂ©riode trĂšs anthropisĂ©e, trois grandes pĂ©riodes se dĂ©tachent : l’ñge du Fer jusqu’à la pĂ©riode romaine, le Moyen Age et l’époque moderne se distinguent par leurs types de pratiques agro-pastorales et leurs effets sur l’érosion des sols.This thesis aims to reconstruct vegetation and soil dynamics, as well as ire activity variabilityin the East-central part of France since the Last-glacial period (ca. 15000 yr). The objective is mostparticularly to disentangle the role of climate and anthropogenic forcing factors in ecosystems dynamics.Actually, the problematic concerns the switch from a climatic- to anthropogenic-driven ecosystemsand the study of agro-pastoral practices impact which leads to an ecological trajectory change. Thus,palaeoecological analysis (pollen, geochemical and micro-anthracological) were performed from threelake sediment records of Southern Jura Mountains and Bas DauphinĂ© areas.During the Late-glacial and the early Holocene period (14700 to 9000 cal. BP), palaeoecologicalchanges appear strongly correlated to regional and global climate oscillations. Until the mid-Holocene(9000 to 5000 cal BP), pollen analysis record a small-scale human impact on forest cover and nosigniicant changes in ire activity and soil erosion. Moreover, none climate change has been suficientlyintense or sustainable to generate remarkable modiications of the ecosystem. From 5000-4500 cal. BP,the sedimentary deposits recorded an increase in ire activity related to its use as a clearing tool. Thisperiod corresponds to the switch from a natural to an anthropogenic control on ires activity.It was only from ca. 2300 cal BP (Late Iron Age) that agro-pastoral activities become enoughintense to induce sustainable change in the vegetation cover and generate unprecedented erosion of soils.In parallel, the ire use changed and it became a tool for the management of agro-pastoral areas. Therefore,the human impact can be considered as permanent and a tipping point has been reached in the history oflandscape shaping. However, three main periods: Iron Age to roman period, medieval and modern timescan be distinguished through the development of agro-pastoral practices and their impact on ecosystems,most particularly on soil erosion

    Ecological and human land-use indicator value of fungal spore morphotypes and assemblages

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    International audienceThe value of non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) to complement reconstructions of past communities and environments has led to the identification of an increasing number of microfossil morphotypes. Unfortunately, limited knowledge about their specific ecological indicator values still restricts the interpretation of NPP accumulation rates or assemblage variations. Here, a comparison with classical palaeoecological proxies along a sedimentary sequence has been tested to improve the ecological indicator values of NPP morphotypes. Pollen, geochemical and NPP analyses performed on the same samples all along the Holocene sedimentary sequence of Lac de Moras (France) were compared using principal component analysis to identify statistical relationships and to establish correlations between all these parameters. Ecological indicator values were obtained for some morphotypes such as UG-1097 which is related to specific taxa (Corylus sp.), or Diporotheca rhizophila defined as an indicator of the local presence of alder swamp habitat. However, most of the NPP morphotypes can be combined in two opposite NPP assemblages reflecting the change from natural to managed ecosystems at the drainage basin scale and over the Holocene. It more specifically illustrates a change in the source of organic matter transferred to the lake system provided from the plant debris of woodland cover (litter) to organic matter from animal excreta (dung and manure)

    Les sanctuaires de Villards-d’HĂ©ria : Ă©tudes palĂ©oenvironnementales, hydrogĂ©ologiques et archĂ©ologiques d’un complexe religieux gallo-romain

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