Sorption and desorption of indaziflam degradates in several agricultural soils

Processes regulating pesticide fate in the environment are influenced by the physicochemical properties of pesticides and soils. Sorption and desorption are important processes as they regulate the movement of pesticides in soil. Although sorption-desorption is widely studied for herbicides, studies involving their metabolites in soil are scarce. Sorption and desorption of indaziflam metabolites (indaziflam-triazinediamine (FDAT), indaziflam-triazine-indanone (ITI) and indaziflam-carboxilic acid (ICA)) were investigated in six Brazilian (BRA) soils and three United States (USA) soils with different physicochemical properties. The Freundlich equation described sorption of the metabolites for all soils (R2 >; 0.98; 1/n ~ 1). Sorption order (Kf) was ITI >; ICA >; FDAT. Mean values of Kf,oc were 453, 289, and 81 (BRA) and 444, 48, and 48 (USA) for metabolites ITI, ICA, and FDAT respectively. Desorption was hysteretic for all metabolites in all soils. These results suggest that these metabolites fall in the classification range of mobile to moderately mobile in soils

Seletividade toponômica de herbicidas para a cultura do algodão

Adequate planting depth is one of the most important factors in germination and seedling emergence, thereby ensuring a uniform stand. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sowing depth in cotton crop (Delta Opal var.), over diuron, oxyfluorfen, alachlor, clomazone, pendimetalin, S-metalachlor, prometryne and trifluralin herbicides plant toxicity. Evaluations on crop toxicity were carried out at 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 21, 28 and 35 days after herbicide application (DAA), through EWRC scale and total dry mass at 35 DAA. No decrease in plant biomass of cotton was observed when oxyfluorfen, clomazone, pendimethalin and trifluralin herbicides were used. Dry mass decrease was observed for 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 cm sowing depths when diuron was applied, to 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 cm sowing depths with the use of prometryne and for alachlor and S-metolachlor in sowing depth of 1,0 cm.A profundidade de semeadura adequada é um dos fatores importantes na germinação e emergência das plântulas, garantindo assim um estande uniforme. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da profundidade de semeadura do algodoeiro, variedade Delta Opal, sobre a fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas, diuron, oxyfluorfen, alachlor, clomazone, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, prometryne e trifluralin. Foram realizadas avaliações de fitointoxicação à cultura aos 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 21, 28, 35 dias após a aplicação do herbicida (DAA), por meio da escala EWRC e de massa seca total aos 35 DAA. Não foi observada redução de massa seca das plantas de algodoeiro quando foram utilizados os herbicidas oxyfluorfen, clomazone, pendimethalin e trifluralin. Houve redução na massa seca total para as profundidades 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 cm quando se utilizou diuron, para as profundidades 0,5; 1,0 e 3,0 cm quando se utilizou prometryne e para semeadura a 1,0 cm de profundidade quando se utilizou alachlor e S-metolachlor

Eficácia e seletividade do herbicida imazapic isolado ou associado a outros herbicidas aplicado com e sem cobertura de palha de cana-de-açúcar

The management of weeds in the sugarcane is based on the integration of cultural methods, mechanical, physical and chemical. As a physical measure, there is the presence of waste straw from mechanical harvesting, which may act as a barrier, reducing the infestation of weeds or as a physical barrier on the action of herbicides on weed control when applied in preemergence of these plants on the straw of the sugar cane. As a result, the objective of this work is analyze the influence of the layer of straw on the ground in the action of imazapic and mixtures used in the cultivation of sugar cane in weed control in areas where sugar cane is harvested mechanically without straw burning. The experiment was performed in Santa Fe - Paraná, with sandy soil. The treatments in the experiment were isolated imazapic, imazapic + [diuron + hexazinone], and tebuthiuron imazapic sulfentrazone + [diuron + hexazinone], applied in the absence and presence of straw. In general, the presence of straw contributed to control of Brachiaria decumbens and Ipomoea grandifolia. The effectiveness of herbicide treatments in the presence of straw was similar to or higher than the performance of the same in the absence of straw. The presence of straw does not affect the operation of imazapic in weed control, and may even increase its effectiveness to control. All herbicide treatments were harmless to the tiller, regardless of the presence of straw.O manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar está baseado na integração de métodos culturais, mecânicos, físicos e químicos. Em decorrência da adoção da colheita da cana sem queima, foi introduzido um novo componente que altera tanto a dinâmica de infestação de plantas daninhas como a ação dos herbicidas sobre a palha da cana. Em virtude disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o efeito da camada de palha sobre o solo na ação do herbicida imazapic, isolado ou em misturas, no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em área onde a cultura foi colhida mecanicamente sem a queima da palha (cana crua). Os herbicidas avaliados no experimento foram imazapic isolado, imazapic+[diuron+hexazinone], imazapic+sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron+[diuron+hexazinone], aplicados na ausência e na presença de palha, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. De modo geral, a presença da palha contribuiu no controle de Brachiaria decumbens e Ipomoea grandifolia. A eficácia dos tratamentos herbicidas na presença de palha foi semelhante ou superior ao desempenho dos mesmos na ausência de palha. A presença da palha não afetou o funcionamento do imazapic no controle de plantas daninhas, e pode, inclusive, aumentar sua eficácia de controle. Todos os tratamentos herbicidas foram seletivos para a cultura, independente da presença de palha

Seleção de espécies bioindicadoras para os herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium

Using bioindicator species is really common in studies concerning herbicides behavior in soil. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium are herbicides recommended for post-emergence weed control in cotton crop and present potential carryover to rotational crops. The research aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of vegetal species to doses of trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium herbicides looking forward to selecting plants that may be used in monitoring low concentrations of these herbicides in soil. Two experiments were simultaneous carried out, in randomized entirely design, disposed in factorial scheme 4x5 with four replicates, constituted by four species used as bioindicators (cucumber [Cucumis sativus], soybean [Glycine max], corn [Zea mays] and bean [Phaseolus vulgaris] and five herbicides doses (trifloxysulfuron-sodium 0; 0.94; 1.87; 3.75 and 7.5 g ha-1 and pyrithiobacsodium at 0; 8.75; 17.5; 35 and 70 g ha-1), applied in pre-emergence, before bioindicators sowing. Twenty-one days after application (DAA), plants were evaluated in relation to phytointoxication, height and dossel mass accumulation, calculating I50 (necessary dose for reducing 50% of analyzed variable), in order to compare species sensibility to herbicides. It was concluded that cucumber and corn behaved as the most sensitive species to trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium herbicides, showing potential for utilization in bioassays with these herbicides.      O uso de espécies bioindicadoras é muito comum em estudos do comportamento de herbicidas no solo. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium são herbicidas recomendados para o controle de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência da cultura do algodão, e apresentam potencial de “carryover” para culturas semeadas em sucessão. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade de espécies a dosagens dos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium, buscando selecionar plantas que possam ser utilizadas no monitoramento de baixas concentrações destes herbicidas no solo. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos simultaneamente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, dispostos em esquema fatorial 4x5, constituídos por quatro espécies utilizadas como bioindicadoras (pepino [Cucumis sativus], soja [Glycine max], milho [Zea mays] e feijão [Phaseolus vulgaris] e cinco dosagens dos herbicidas (trifloxysulfuron-sodium 0; 0,94; 1,87; 3,75 e 7,5 g ha-1 e pyrithiobac-sodium 0; 8,75; 17,5; 35 e 70 g ha-1) aplicados em pré-emergência, antes da semeadura dos bioindicadores. Aos 21 dias após a aplicação, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto à fitointoxicação, altura e acúmulo de massa da parte aérea, calculando-se o I50 (dose necessária para redução de 50% da variável analisada), visando comparar a sensibilidade das espécies aos herbicidas. Concluiu-se que o pepino e o milho comportaram-se como as espécies mais sensíveis aos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium, tendo potencial para utilização em bioensaios com esses herbicidas

Tolerância de duas variedades de algodoeiro a herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência

This work aimed to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied pre-emergence, isolated or in tank-mixtures, for two cotton varieties, Delta-Opal and FMT-701. Treatments applied were: alachlor, S-metolachlor, diuron (two rates), prometryn (two rates), oxyfluorfen, alachlor + diuron, alachlor + prometryn (two rates of this mixture), S-metolachlor + diuron, S-metolachlor + prometryn (two rates of this mixture), oxyfluorfen + diuron, oxyfluorfen + prometryn. Evaluations performed were related to the visual plant intoxication, height of plants and crop yield. When rates of diuron and prometryn were increased, symptoms of crop injury were also more evident, in relation to lower rates of the same products. Oxyfluorfen, isolated or in tank mixture with diuron or prometryn propitiated intense symptoms of crop injury, but the only treatment which was considered as non-selective for both cotton varieties was the mixture of oxyfluorfen + prometryn (0.192 + 0.9 kg ha-1).Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência, isolados ou em misturas, para as variedades Delta-Opal e FMT-701. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: alachlor, S-metolachlor, diuron (em duas doses), prometryn (em duas doses), oxyfluorfen, alachlor + diuron, alachlor + prometryn (em duas doses da mistura), S-metolachlor + diuron, S-metolachlor + prometryn (em duas doses da mistura), oxyfluorfen + diuron, oxyfluorfen + prometryn. Foram realizadas avaliações relacionadas à fitointoxicação visual, altura de plantas e produtividade da cultura. Quando houve incremento na dose de diuron e prometryn, os sintomas de fitointoxicação foram intensificados em relação às menores doses. O herbicida oxyfluorfen quando aplicado isolado e em mistura com diuron ou prometryn proporcionou sintomas intensos de fitointoxicação à cultura do algodoeiro. No entanto, o único tratamento que não foi seletivo para ambas variedades de algodoeiro foi a mistura oxyfluorfen + prometryn (0,192 + 0,900 kg ha-1)

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe