Scientific discovery in a model-centric framework: Reproducibility, innovation, and epistemic diversity

Consistent confirmations obtained independently of each other lend credibility to a scientific result. We refer to results satisfying this consistency as reproducible and assume that reproducibility is a desirable property of scientific discovery. Yet seemingly science also progresses despite irreproducible results, indicating that the relationship between reproducibility and other desirable properties of scientific discovery is not well understood. These properties include early discovery of truth, persistence on truth once it is discovered, and time spent on truth in a long-term scientific inquiry. We build a mathematical model of scientific discovery that presents a viable framework to study its desirable properties including reproducibility. In this framework, we assume that scientists adopt a model-centric approach to discover the true model generating data in a stochastic process of scientific discovery. We analyze the properties of this process using Markov chain theory, Monte Carlo methods, and agent-based modeling. We show that the scientific process may not converge to truth even if scientific results are reproducible and that irreproducible results do not necessarily imply untrue results. The proportion of different research strategies represented in the scientific population, scientists' choice of methodology, the complexity of truth, and the strength of signal contribute to this counter-intuitive finding. Important insights include that innovative research speeds up the discovery of scientific truth by facilitating the exploration of model space and epistemic diversity optimizes across desirable properties of scientific discovery.Comment: EDITS: New title, corrected typos and errors, extended model and results descriptio

Minimum Viable Experiment to Replicate

Replication experiments purport to independently validate claims from previous research or provide some diagnostic evidence about their reliability. In practice, this value of replication experiments is often taken for granted. Our research shows that in replication experiments, practice often does not live up to theory. Most replication experiments in practice are confounded and their results multiply determined, hence uninterpretable. These results can be driven by the true data generating mechanism, issues present in the original experiment, discrepancies between the original and the replication experiment, new issues introduced in the replication experiment, or combinations of any of these factors. The answers we are looking for with regard to the true state of nature require a rigorous and meticulous investigative process of eliminating errors and singling out elementary or pure cases. In this paper, we introduce the idea of a minimum viable experiment that needs to be identified in practice for replication results to be clearly interpretable. Most experiments are not replication-ready and before striving to replicate a given result, we need theoretical precision or systematic exploration to discover empirical regularities

Environmentally sustainable food consumption : a review and research agenda from a goal-directed perspective

The challenge of convincing people to change their eating habits toward more environmentally sustainable food consumption (ESFC) patterns is becoming increasingly pressing. Food preferences, choices and eating habits are notoriously hard to change as they are a central aspect of people's lifestyles and their socio-cultural environment. Many people already hold positive attitudes toward sustainable food, but the notable gap between favorable attitudes and actual purchase and consumption of more sustainable food products remains to be bridged. The current work aims to (1) present a comprehensive theoretical framework for future research on ESFC, and (2) highlight behavioral solutions for environmental challenges in the food domain from an interdisciplinary perspective. First, starting from the premise that food consumption is deliberately or unintentionally directed at attaining goals, a goal-directed framework for understanding and influencing ESFC is built. To engage in goal-directed behavior, people typically go through a series of sequential steps. The proposed theoretical framework makes explicit the sequential steps or hurdles that need to be taken for consumers to engage in ESFC. Consumers need to positively value the environment, discern a discrepancy between the desired versus the actual state of the environment, opt for action to reduce the experienced discrepancy, intend to engage in behavior that is expected to bring them closer to the desired end state, and act in accordance with their intention. Second, a critical review of the literature on mechanisms that underlie and explain ESFC (or the lack thereof) in high-income countries is presented and integrated into the goal-directed framework. This contribution thus combines a top-down conceptualization with a bottom-up literature review; it identifies and discusses factors that might hold people back from ESFC and interventions that might promote ESFC; and it reveals knowledge gaps as well as insights on how to encourage both short- and long-term ESFC by confronting extant literature with the theoretical framework. Altogether, the analysis yields a set of 33 future research questions in the interdisciplinary food domain that deserve to be addressed with the aim of fostering ESFC in the short and long term

The effect of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes of university students

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bilişsel davranışçı grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin sahip olduğu otomatik düşünceleri ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumları üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Uygulama, Ufuk Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Edebiyat Fakültelerine kayıtlı yirmi dört öğrenciden oluşan deney ve plasebo grubu olmak üzere üç ayrı grupla yürütülmüştür. Deney grubundaki katılımcılarla on iki oturum bilişsel-davranışçı grupla psikolojik danışma, plasebo grubundaki katılımcılarla on iki oturum plasebo niteliğinde grup etkinliği gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kontrol grubunda bulunan katılımcılara ise herhangi bir uygulamada bulunulmamıştır. Tüm gruplara Otomatik Düşünceler Ölçeği (ODÖ-30) ve Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutumlar Ölçeği (FOTÖ-A) ilk oturumlarda ön-test, son oturumlarda son-test, son oturumdan iki ay sonra ise izleme ölçümü uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonunda deney grubunun FOTÖ–A ön-test ve son-test puan ortalamaları (p.05). Plasebo grubunun FOTÖ-A ön-test ve son-test puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Kontrol grubunun FOTÖ-A ön-test ve son-test puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Deney grubunun ODÖ-30 ön-test ve son-test puan ortalamaları (p.05). Plasebo grubunun ODÖ-30 ön-test ve son-test puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Kontrol grubunun ODÖ-30 ön-test ve son test-puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Sonuç olarak, bilişsel davranışçı grupla psikolojik danışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin otomatik düşünceleri ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlarının azalmasında etkili bulunmuş ve bu etkinin kalıcı olduğu görülmüştür.The aim of this study is to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on university students' automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes. The study group consisted of twenty-four college students for test, placebo and control groups enrolled in Ufuk University Faculties of Education and Literature. 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group counseling were performed with the test group, and twelve sessions placebo-group counseling activities were performed with the placebo group. There is no counseling given to the control group. At the beginning of the group sessions, Turkish forms of Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30) and Dysfunctional Attidutes Scale (DAS-A) were applied to the to three groups as pre-test, post-test at the end of the sessions and two months after the follow-up test. The mean scores of the DAS-A and ATQ pre-test and post-test scores (p .05) was found. No significant difference between the placebo group's DAS-A and ATQ pre-test and post-test mean scores (p> .05) was found. No significant difference between the control group's DAS-A and ATQ pre-test and post-test mean scores (p> .05) was found. Consequently, cognitive-behavioral group counseling was found to be effective in reducing the automatic thoughts and dys-functional attitudes of university students and this effect was found to be permanent

Kolşisin tedavisi gören ailevi akdeniz ateşi hastalarında bilişsel süreçler ve depresyon düzeyleri

Yazar tarafından 24.04.2019 tarihine kadar erişimi engellenmiştir.İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler EnstitüsüBu araştırmada; kolşisin kullanan Ailevi Akdeniz Ateşi (AAA) hastalarının bilişsel süreçleri ve depresyon düzeyleri hasta olmayan grupla karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmaya, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’nde tedavi gören 15 kadın, 15 erkek 30 AAA hastası ve AAA tanısı olmayan 15 kadın 15 erkek, 30 birey katılmıştır. Araştırmada demografik özelliklerin belirlenebilmesi için araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan “Demografik Bilgi Formu”, bilişsel süreçlerin ölçümünün gerçekleştirilebilmesi için “Rey- Osterrieth Karmaşık Şekil Testi”, “Raven Renkli Progresif Matrisler Testi”, “Stroop Testi” ve katılımcıların depresyon düzeylerini değerlendirebilmek için “Beck Depresyon Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, eşlenmiş gruplar deney deseni kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için SPSS. 20 paket programından yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler karma desen ANOVA ve eşlenmiş gruplar t-testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizlerin sonucunda kolşisin kullanan AAA grubunun “Rey-Osterrieth Karmaşık Şekil Testi” çizim aşaması puanları, hasta olmayan gruba göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olmuştur. AAA ve hasta olmayan grubun “Raven Renkli Progresif Matrisler”, “Stroop Testi” ve “Beck Depresyon Ölçeği” puanları anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmamıştırThe study aimed to compare Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) patients’ cognitive states and depression levels with healthy group who were not diagnosed as FMF. 30 FMF patients and 30 matched-healthy controls were included in the study as participants. To evaluate the demographic details, “Demographic Information Form” has given to the participants. “Rey- Osterrieth Complex Figure Test”, “Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices” and “Stroop Test” were applied to measure cognitive functions. Depression levels were measured with “Beck Depression Inventory”. Matched group design was used in the study. In order to examine the cognitive and emotional states of participants, mixed- design ANOVA and matched-pairs t-test were applied. As the results, FMF’s drawing trial scores of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test were significantly higher than healthy/normal group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between FMF and healthy/normal group in the light of “Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices”, “Stroop Test” and “Beck Depression Inventory” scores. This study provides meaningful evidence to develop new researches about the FMF patients’ cognitive states and depression level

Consumer Well-Being: Effects of Subgoal Failures and Goal Importance

Although there is increased awareness of issues surrounding consumer well-being, consumers often lack the personal commitment to improve their quality of life. This article builds on the concept of a goal hierarchy to propose that small acts may have unintended, large consequences on various domains of consumer well-being. A decrease in commitment to well-being goals (e.g., sustaining the natural environment) may stem from people's failure to achieve everyday subgoals (e.g., failing to recycle a newspaper). Four experiments in three contexts (i.e., consumer overspending, environmentally friendly behaviors, and charitable donations) show that when people perceive the endgoal as unimportant, even a single behavioral failure may reduce commitment to a well-being endgoal and weaken future intentions to perform behaviors that improve their quality of life. In addition, goal importance moderates the adverse relationship between subgoal performance and endgoal commitment. The authors present consumer-specific and marketer-controlled drivers of goal importance (i.e., goal visualization, self-relevance of goals, and aversive consequences of subgoal failure) and discuss actionable insights for practitioners