107 research outputs found
LEARNING FROM INTERORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCT FAILURE EXPERIENCE IN THE MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRY
Much research examines the causes of product failures such as the Ford Pinto gas tank design. Research also examines the consequences of product failures such as new product introductions resulting from the need to improve failed products. However, little is known about how the causes and consequences of product failures interact across different firms, and generate inter-organizational learning, within the same industry. Specifically, limited research has examined if a firm learns to reduce its own annual rate of product failures (e.g., experiences fewer product-related adverse events) by attending to the product failures and new product introductions of its competitors. In addition, we also do not know (1) how delayed reporting of product failure influences interorganizational learning, and (2) how the introduction of new products by one company impacts another firmâs effort to learn from this competitorâs product failures. To address these gaps, this dissertation develops and tests relationships between (1) inter-organizational learning from product failures, (2) product failure reporting delays, and (3) new product introductions. Regression analysis of 98,576 manufacturing firm-year observations from the medical device industry over a ten-year period (1998 to 2008) supports the proposed model. Specifically, the analysis supported two insights: (1) As expected, a competitorâs reporting delays can inhibit learning from othersâ failures by increasing the chance of making poor inferences about the failure. Unexpectedly, however, delays can also improve inter-organizational learning because in reports that have taken longer to file, a clearer understanding of the failureâs cause-effect relationships is developed. iii (2) As expected, a competitor\u27s new product introductions positively impact interorganizational learning by transferring knowledge of product design between firms. Unexpectedly, a competitorâs new product introductions can also negatively impact inter-organizational learning from product failure by distracting the observing firmâs attention away from the competitorâs failures. The thesis contributes to the inter-organizational learning literature by: (1) modelling learning from othersâ product failures, (2) highlighting the effects of reporting delays, and (3) showing how othersâ new product introductions can distract. This thesis shows that learning from othersâ product failures and new product introductions has significant benefits because it prevents serious injury and death among device users
The Well-Being of Alcohol and Other Drug Counsellors in Australia: Strengths, Risks, and Implications
Working with alcohol and other drug (AOD) using populations in treatment services is a demanding job that has been associated with a susceptibility to stress and burnout in the workforce. The current study used an online survey methodology in Victoria, Australia, to examine staff well-being and burnout in a cohort of 228 workers in AOD specialist services in Victoria, 151 of whom hold client caseloads. Although there was a strong negative association between stress and burnout, and inverse associations with work satisfaction and well-being, the focus of the current analysis was what predicted positive well-being in workers. This was associated with four factorsâlower levels of emotional exhaustion and cognitive weariness (both aspects of burnout), higher levels of opportunities for professional growth, and a greater support network in the workerâs own life with which to discuss things. Thus, positive well-being is not only linked to lower burnout, and to greater perceived development opportunities, but also to the support systems workers have access to
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Relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: City-128 study
Background: Special observation (the allocation of nurses to watch over nominated patients) is one means by which psychiatric services endeavour to keep in-patients safe from harm. The practice is both contentious and of unknown efficacy.
Aims: To assess the relationship between special observation and self-harm rates, by ward, whilst controlling for potential confounding variables.
Method: A multivariate cross sectional study collecting data on self-harm, special observation, other conflict and containment, physical environment, patient and staff factors for a six month period on 136 acute admission psychiatric wards.
Results: Constant special observation was not associated with self-harm rates, but intermittent observation was associated with reduced self-harm, as were levels of qualified nursing staff and more intense programmes of patient activities.
Conclusions: Certain features of nursing deployment and activity may serve to protect patients. The efficacy of constant special observation remains open to question
A preliminary comparison study of burnout and engagement in performance students in Australia, Poland and the UK
While there is a growing body of research concerning the well-being of music students, burnout and engagement remain largely unexplored. Likewise, cross-national variations in approaches to music education, and different educational experiences of men and women may influence burnout and engagement. This preliminary study aimed to inform further research by establishing the levels of, and exploring cross-national and sex differences in burnout and engagement in music performance students at conservatoires in Australia, Poland and the UK (n = 331). Self-reported levels of burnout were, typically, low to moderate. Nevertheless, one in ten students reported symptoms such that they could be classified as burned out. Australian and UK students displayed more burnout than students in Poland, although Australian students reported lower levels of reduced sense of accomplishment than Polish and UK students. Self-reported engagement was, typically, moderate to high. Students in Poland reported higher levels of engagement than those in the UK. Women displayed higher levels of global burnout and emotional/physical exhaustion, while men reported lower levels of reduced sense of accomplishment. Further research on burnout and engagement could build on this investigation to gain a better understanding of their impact and the influence of the educational experience on studentsâ music-related well-being
Stress ocupacional e alteração do Estatuto da Carreira Docente portuguĂȘs
Este estudo foi realizado com 1162 professores, tendo como objetivo analisar a experiĂȘncia de stress e a sĂndrome de âburnoutâ, antes a apĂłs a alteração do Estatuto da Carreira Docente em Portugal. Assim, foram efetuadas duas avaliaçÔes em momentos temporais distintos, assumindo-se um plano transversal de recolha de dados (2004/2005, n=689 e 2008/2009, n=473). O protocolo de avaliação incluiu medidas de fontes de stress (QuestionĂĄrio de Stress nos Professores, Gomes, Silva, Mourisco, Mota, & Montenegro, 2006) e de âburnoutâ (InventĂĄrio de âBurnoutâ de Maslach â VersĂŁo para Professores, Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996; Maslach, Jackson, & Schwab, 1996, Adaptação de Gomes et al., 2006). Os resultados indicaram que a experiĂȘncia de stress e de âburnoutâ aumentou entre as duas avaliaçÔes, verificando-se em 2008/2009 aumentos em ĂĄreas relacionadas com as pressĂ”es de tempo/excesso de trabalho e com o trabalho burocrĂĄtico/administrativo e, inversamente, diminuiçÔes em ĂĄreas relacionadas com as diferentes capacidades e motivaçÔes dos alunos. Quanto Ă predição da sĂndrome de âburnoutâ, nĂŁo se verificaram alteraçÔes substanciais nas variĂĄveis preditoras nos dois momentos. Em sĂntese, os resultados indicaram aumentos nas exigĂȘncias profissionais dos professores, mas nĂŁo se pode afirmar que tal se deva Ă s alteraçÔes do Estatuto da Carreira Docente uma vez que nĂŁo observĂĄmos alteraçÔes no stress associado Ă carreira docente.(undefined
Adolescent AIDS Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy
Psychosocial health risk factors and resources of medical students and physicians: a cross-sectional study
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What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review
Captive/domestic animals are often described as inactive, with the implicit or explicit implication that this high level of inactivity is a welfare problem. Conversely, not being inactive enough may also indicate or cause poor welfare. In humans, too much inactivity can certainly be associated with either negative or positive affective states. In non-human animals, however, the affective states associated with elevated or suppressed levels of inactivity are still not well understood.
Part of the complexity is due to the fact that there are many different forms of inactivity, each likely associated with very different affective states. This paper has two aims. One is to identify specific forms of inactivity that can be used as indicators of specific affective states in animals. The other is to identify issues that need to be resolved before we could validly use the remaining, not yet validated forms of inactivity as indicators of affective state.
We briefly discuss how inactivity is defined and assessed in the literature, and then how inactivity in its various forms relates to affective (either negative or positive) states in animals, basing our reasoning on linguistic reports of affective states collected from humans displaying inactivity phenotypically similar to that displayed by animals in similar situations, and, when possible, on pharmacological validation. Specific forms of inactivity expressed in response to perceived threats (freezing, tonic immobility, and hiding) appear to be, to date, the best-validated indicators of specific affective states in animals. We also identify a number of specific forms of inactivity likely to reflect either negative (associated with ill-heath, boredom-like, and depression-like conditions), or positive states (e.g. âsun-baskingâ, post-consummatory inactivity), although further research is warranted before we could use those forms as indicators of the affective states. We further discuss the relationship between increased inactivity and affective states by presenting misleading situations likely to yield wrong conclusions. We conclude that more attention should be paid to inactivity in animal welfare studies: specific forms of inactivity identified in this paper are, or have the potential to be, useful indicators of affective (welfare) states in animals
Individual and work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional study among Estonian computer users
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