Anticipation of 'ubá' mango ripening with preharvest ethephon application

Preharvest application of ethephon, a compound that releases ethylene when hydrolyzed, can anticipate and standardize mango harvesting. In this study, the effects of different doses of ethephon, applied at preharvest, on harvest anticipation of 'Ubá' mango were evaluated. On the 17th week after anthesis, 25 mango trees, five per treatment, were sprayed with ethephon at 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg L-1, plus 0.5% of mineral oil. Five fruits from each plant were harvested daily until full ripening, and evaluated. Except, for dose 0mg L-1, in which six days after ethephon application (DAAE), harvest was carried out weekly up to 41DAAE The treated fruit presented a more intense flesh color than the non-treated, particularly at the doses of 500 and 750mg L-1. Fruit treated with 500, 750 and 1000mg L-1showed abrupt firmness reduction from the 1st DAAE and TSS higher than 18°Brix on the 6th DAAE. Non-treated fruit presented slower firmness reduction and reached 18°Brix on the 35th DAAE. The dose of 1000mg L-1 of ethephon resulted in premature fall and low fruit quality. Application of 500 or 750mg L-1 of ethephon allowed to anticipate and to standardize mango harvesting. These doses also allowed harvesting fruit with the best commercial quality and without the need of climatization after harvest.A aplicação pré-colheita de ethephon, composto que libera etileno quando hidrolisado, pode antecipar e uniformizar a colheita de manga. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes doses de ethephon, aplicadas na pré-colheita, sobre a antecipação da colheita de manga 'Ubá'. Na 17ª semana após a antese, 25 mangueiras, sendo cinco por tratamento, foram pulverizadas com ethephon nas doses 0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000L-1, acrescido de 0,5% de óleo mineral. Foram colhidos 10 frutos de cada planta, diariamente, até o completo amadurecimento, com exceção da dose 0L-1, em que, a partir de 6 dias após aplicação do ethephon (DAAE), a colheita foi semanal até 42DAAE. Dos 10 frutos colhidos, cinco foram analisados no dia da colheita e cinco armazenados a 20±080°C e 90±5% UR e avaliados após o completo amadurecimento. Frutos tratados apresentaram coloração de polpa mais intensa que os não tratados, especialmente na dose 500L-1. Frutos tratados com 500, 750 e 1000L-1 apresentaram brusca queda da firmeza a partir do 1ºDAAE, e SST superiores a 18°brix no 6ºDAAE, enquanto nos não tratados, a queda da firmeza foi mais lenta e atingiram 18°brix aos 35ºDAAE. A dose de 1000L-1 de ethephon resultou em queda prematura e má qualidade final dos frutos. Frutos colhidos no 3oDAAE e armazenados atingiram o completo amadurecimento com 12, 7, 6, 4 e 6 dias para as doses 0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000L-1, respectivamente. A aplicação de 500 ou 750L-1 de ethephon, seguida da colheita no 3oDAAE, permitiu a obtenção de frutos com qualidade comercial, além de dispensar a climatização após a colheita

Production of pions, kaons and protons in pp collisions at s=900\sqrt{s}=900 GeV with ALICE at the LHC

The production of $\pi^+$, $\pi^-$, $K^+$, $K^-$, p, and pbar at mid-rapidity has been measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 900$ GeV with the ALICE detector. Particle identification is performed using the specific energy loss in the inner tracking silicon detector and the time projection chamber. In addition, time-of-flight information is used to identify hadrons at higher momenta. Finally, the distinctive kink topology of the weak decay of charged kaons is used for an alternative measurement of the kaon transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) spectra. Since these various particle identification tools give the best separation capabilities over different momentum ranges, the results are combined to extract spectra from $p_{\rm T}$ = 100 MeV/$c$ to 2.5 GeV/$c$. The measured spectra are further compared with QCD-inspired models which yield a poor description. The total yields and the mean $p_{\rm T}$ are compared with previous measurements, and the trends as a function of collision energy are discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 18 captioned figures, 5 tables, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/388

A Potential Role For An Extracellular Methanol Oxidase Secreted By Moniliophthora Perniciosa In Witches' Broom Disease In Cacao

The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao, is able to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source. In plants, one of the main sources of methanol is the pectin present in the structure of cell walls. Pectin is composed of highly methylesterified chains of galacturonic acid. The hydrolysis between the methyl radicals and galacturonic acid in esterified pectin, mediated by a pectin methylesterase (PME), releases methanol, which may be decomposed by a methanol oxidase (MOX). The analysis of the M. pernciosa genome revealed putative mox and pme genes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR performed with RNA from mycelia grown in the presence of methanol or pectin as the sole carbon source and with RNA from infected cacao seedlings in different stages of the progression of WBD indicate that the two genes are coregulated, suggesting that the fungus may be metabolizing the methanol released from pectin. Moreover, immunolocalization of homogalacturonan, the main pectic domain that constitutes the primary cell wall matrix, shows a reduction in the level of pectin methyl esterification in infected cacao seedlings. Although MOX has been classically classified as a peroxisomal enzyme, M. perniciosa presents an extracellular methanol oxidase. Its activity was detected in the fungus culture supernatants, and mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of this enzyme in the fungus secretome. 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Primeiro registro da ocorrência de Cirrospilus floridensis Evans (Hymenoptera) como parasitóide de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera) no Brasil First record of occurrence of Cirrospilus floridensis Evans (Hymenoptera) as a parasitoid of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera) in Brazil

Este estudo relata o primeiro registro de Cirrospilus floridensis Evans no Brasil. Este Eulophidae foi obtido de pupas de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (minador-das-folhas-dos-citros) presentes em folhas de bergamoteiras da variedade Montenegrina (Citrus deliciosa) e do híbrido tangor Murcott (C. sinesnis x C. reticulata) coletadas de julho de 2001 a junho de 2003 em Montenegro, RS, Brasil. Foram registrados adultos, machos e fêmeas de C. floridensis.<br>This study reports the first record of Cirrospilus floridensis Evans in Brazil. This Eulophidae was obtained from pupae of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus-leafminer) present in infested leaves of the Montenegrina variety (Citrus deliciosa) and the hybrid tangor Murcott (C. sinensis x C. reticulata) collected from July of 2001 to June of 2003 in Montenegro, RS, Brazil. Adults, males and females of C. floridensis were registered