Tertiary Alcohols as Radical Precursors for the Introduction of Tertiary Substituents into Heteroarenes

Despite many recent advances in the radical alkylation of electron-deficient heteroarenes since the seminal reports by Minisci and co-workers, methods for the direct incorporation of tertiary alkyl substituents into nitrogen heteroarenes are limited. This report describes the use of tert-alkyl oxalate salts, derived from tertiary alcohols, to introduce tertiary substituents into a variety of heterocyclic substrates. This reaction has reasonably broad scope, proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, and is initiated by either photochemical or thermal activation. Insights into the underlying mechanism of the higher yielding visible-light initiated process were obtained by flash photolysis studies, whereas computational studies provided insight into the reaction scope

Contribuições do novo constitucionalismo latino-americano para o debate do Marco Temporal para a demarcação de terras indígenas no Brasil

A discussão sobre o marco temporal para a demarcação de terras indígenas está atualmente aguardando votação no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF). O tema envolve, dentre outras questões, a discussão sobre a relação entre comunidades indígenas e a natureza. Identificam-se duas abordagens contrapostas pelas quais se pode vislumbrar a questão: uma centrada na ideia de natureza como algo a ser utilizado, usufruído, se alinhando a construção colonial e a outra (dos indígenas) que tem na terra a conexão com a antepassados, a manutenção da própria cultura e a sobrevivência . O presente estudo expõe este conflito e aprofunda o debate a partir da perspectiva dos Estudos Decoloniais, sobretudo por meio dos temas da colonialidade do poder e do saber (QUIJANO, 2005); (GROSFOGUEL, 2018); (MIGNOLO, 2001). Neste sentido, emprega-se, além da  pesquisa bibliográfica, a pesquisa documental para analisar como o novo constitucionalismo latino-americano e, em especial, a Constituição do Equador de 2008 propõe a relação entre seres humanos e a natureza. Espera-se que os resultados possam agregar mais uma perspectiva para a discussão do marco temporal no Brasil.The discussion on the “time frame” for the demarcation of indigenous lands in Brazil is currently awaiting a vote in the Federal Supreme Court. The theme involves, among other issues, the discussion about the relationship between indigenous communities and nature. Two opposing approaches to the issue can be identified: one centered on the idea of nature as something to be used, enjoyed, aligning with the colonial construction, and the other (supported by indigenous people) that is concerned with the ancestors of the land, the maintenance of one's own culture and survival. The present study exposes this conflict and deepens the debate from the perspective of Decolonial Studies, especially through the concepts of coloniality of power and knowledge (QUIJANO, 2005); (GROSFOGUEL, 2018); (MIGNOLO, 2001). In addition to bibliographic research, documentary research is used to analyze how the “new Latin American constitutionalism” and, in particular, the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador addresses the relationship between human beings and nature. Hopefully, the results can add another perspective to the discussion of the “time frame” in Brazil.La discusión sobre el “marco temporal” indígena en Brasil actualmente se encuentra pendiente de votación en la Suprema Corte de Justicia  (STF). La cuestión involucra, entre otros temas, la discusión sobre la relación entre las comunidades indígenas y la naturaleza. Se identifican dos enfoques contrapuestos por medio de los cuales se puede vislumbrar el tema: uno centrado en la idea de la naturaleza como algo a ser utilizado, disfrutado, adherente con la construcción colonial, y el otro (de los pueblos indígenas) que tiene otra conexión con la naturaleza, viendo en la tierra una conexión con los ancestrales, el mantenimiento de la cultura y de la supervivencia. El presente estudio expone este conflicto y profundiza el debate desde la perspectiva de los Estudios Decoloniales, especialmente por medio de los temas de la colonialidad del poder y del saber (QUIJANO, 2005); (GROSFOGUEL, 2018); (MIGNOLO, 2001). En este sentido, además de la investigación bibliográfica, se utiliza la investigación documental para analizar cómo el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano y, en particular, la Constitución de Ecuador de 2008 propone la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza. Se espera que los resultados puedan agregar una perspectiva más a la discusión del marco temporal en Brasil

Functional classification of proteins based on projection of amino acid sequences: application for prediction of protein kinase substrates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The knowledge about proteins with specific interaction capacity to the protein partners is very important for the modeling of cell signaling networks. However, the experimentally-derived data are sufficiently not complete for the reconstruction of signaling pathways. This problem can be solved by the network enrichment with predicted protein interactions. The previously published <it>in silico </it>method PAAS was applied for prediction of interactions between protein kinases and their substrates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We used the method for recognition of the protein classes defined by the interaction with the same protein partners. 1021 protein kinase substrates classified by 45 kinases were extracted from the Phospho.ELM database and used as a training set. The reasonable accuracy of prediction calculated by leave-one-out cross validation procedure was observed in the majority of kinase-specificity classes. The random multiple splitting of the studied set onto the test and training set had also led to satisfactory results. The kinase substrate specificity for 186 proteins extracted from TRANSPATH^®database was predicted by PAAS method. Several kinase-substrate interactions described in this database were correctly predicted. Using the previously developed ExPlain™ system for the reconstruction of signal transduction pathways, we showed that addition of the newly predicted interactions enabled us to find the possible path between signal trigger, TNF-alpha, and its target genes in the cell.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It was shown that the predictions of protein kinase substrates by PAAS were suitable for the enrichment of signaling pathway networks and identification of the novel signaling pathways. The on-line version of PAAS for prediction of protein kinase substrates is freely available at <url>http://www.ibmc.msk.ru/PAAS/</url>.</p

Effect of Biodiversity Changes in Disease Risk: Exploring Disease Emergence in a Plant-Virus System

The effect of biodiversity on the ability of parasites to infect their host and cause disease (i.e. disease risk) is a major question in pathology, which is central to understand the emergence of infectious diseases, and to develop strategies for their management. Two hypotheses, which can be considered as extremes of a continuum, relate biodiversity to disease risk: One states that biodiversity is positively correlated with disease risk (Amplification Effect), and the second predicts a negative correlation between biodiversity and disease risk (Dilution Effect). Which of them applies better to different host-parasite systems is still a source of debate, due to limited experimental or empirical data. This is especially the case for viral diseases of plants. To address this subject, we have monitored for three years the prevalence of several viruses, and virus-associated symptoms, in populations of wild pepper (chiltepin) under different levels of human management. For each population, we also measured the habitat species diversity, host plant genetic diversity and host plant density. Results indicate that disease and infection risk increased with the level of human management, which was associated with decreased species diversity and host genetic diversity, and with increased host plant density. Importantly, species diversity of the habitat was the primary predictor of disease risk for wild chiltepin populations. This changed in managed populations where host genetic diversity was the primary predictor. Host density was generally a poorer predictor of disease and infection risk. These results support the dilution effect hypothesis, and underline the relevance of different ecological factors in determining disease/infection risk in host plant populations under different levels of anthropic influence. These results are relevant for managing plant diseases and for establishing conservation policies for endangered plant species

COMP-Angiopoietin-1 Recovers Molecular Biomarkers of Neuropathy and Improves Vascularisation in Sciatic Nerve of ob/ob Mice

mice. mice displayed regeneration of small-diameter endoneural microvessels. Effects of COMP-Ang-1 corresponded to increased phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAPK upon Tie-2 receptor. mice suggesting COMP-Ang-1 as novel treatment option to improve morphologic and protein expression changes associated with diabetic neuropathy

Gamma probes and their use in tumor detection in colorectal cancer

The purpose of this article is to summarize the role of gamma probes in intraoperative tumor detection in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as provide basic information about the physical and practical characteristics of the gamma probes, and the radiopharmaceuticals used in gamma probe tumor detection. In a significant portion of these studies, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), particularly 125I labeled B72.3 Mab that binds to the TAG-72 antigen, have been used to target tumor. Studies have reported that intraoperative gamma probe radioimmunodetection helps surgeons to localize primary tumor, clearly delineate its resection margins and provide immediate intraoperative staging. Studies also have emphasized the value of intraoperative gamma probe radioimmunodetection in defining the extent of tumor recurrence and finding sub-clinical occult tumors which would assure the surgeons that they have completely removed the tumor burden. However, intraoperative gamma probe radioimmunodetection has not been widely adapted among surgeons because of some constraints associated with this technique. The main difficulty with this technique is the long period of waiting time between Mab injection and surgery. The technique is also laborious and costly. In recent years, Fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) use in gamma probe tumor detection surgery has renewed interest among surgeons. Preliminary studies during surgery have demonstrated that use of FDG in gamma probe tumor detection during surgery is feasible and useful

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Applications of Wine Pomace in the Food Industry: Approaches and Functions

Winemaking generates large amounts ofwine pomace, also called grape pomace. This by-product has attracted the attention of food scientists and the food industry, due to its high content in nutrients and bioactive compounds. This review mainly focuses on the different published approaches to the use of wine pomace and its functions in the food industry. Traditionally, wine pomace has been used to obtain wine alcohol, food colorings, and grape seed oil. More recently, research has focused in the production of other value-added products, such as extracts of bioactive compounds, mainly phenols, recovery of tartaric acid, and the making of flours. The most common functions associated with wine pomace products are their use as antioxidants, followed by their use as fortifying, coloring, and antimicrobial agents. These products have mainly been applied to the preparation of meat and fish products and to, a lesser extent, cereal products.Autonomous Government of Castilla y León, Spain, through the research project BU282U13