Tachistoscopic study of reading related operations in average readers and those experiencing difficulty

Thirty elementary school children were classified into equal groups of poor and average readers. In a series of four experiments, subjects were requested to provide vocal responses to tachistoscopically presented stimuli representing an array of reading related tasks. Poor readers maintained a performance throughout two experiments suggesting a left hemisphere deficit, and the persistence of a serial approach to verbal processing characteristic of right hemisphere stimulus entry in normals (Bub and Lewine, 1988). It was hypothesized that normal readers were induced to perform in a manner conforming to Kershner's (1983) model of learning disabilities, and the performance of poor readers in this study. The use of morphographic analysis (Dixon and Engelmann, 1979) and the exploration of prolonged stimulus exposure to individual hemispheres were proposed as novel methods of reading remediation. A tentative experiment on metacontrol revealed an inconsistency in structural and semantic preferences to a target word in the left visual field of poor readers

Athletic Trainers Provide a Positive Outlet to Athletes\u27\u27 Injuries and Mental State During Summer Travel Baseball Season

Please enjoy Volume 6, Issue 1 of the JSMAHS. In this issue, you will find Professional, Graduate, and Undergraduate research abstracts, and case reports. Thank you for viewing this 6th Annual OATA Special Edition

Affirmative Action in American Law Schools: A Critical Response to Richard Sander\u27s A Reply to Critics

Richard Sander’s Stanford Law Review article, “A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools,” has generated considerable attention and criticism. This included a critical essay in the May 2005 Stanford Law Review by the four of us, as well as others in the same issue by Professors Ian Ayres and Richard Brooks, Michele Landis Dauber, and David Wilkins. Sander’s “A Reply to Critics” also appeared in the same issue. For those following this empirical debate about the costs and benefits of affirmative action, we provide this working paper as a response to Sander’s “A Reply to Critics.” We show the weaknesses in the logic that underlies many of Sander’s assumptions and arguments and show that his reply does not salvage the case against affirmative action that he claimed to have made in his Stanford article. Rather, Sander’s reply explicitly or implicitly repudiates much of the methodology and many of the claims he made in “Systemic Analysis,” even as he clings firmly to its conclusion and compounds earlier analytic mistakes with new ones

The Real Impact of Eliminating Affirmative Action in American Law Schools: An Empirical Critique of Richard Sander\u27s Study

In 1970, there were about 4000 African American lawyers in the United States. Today there are more than 40,000. The great majority of the 40,000 have attended schools that were once nearly all-white, and most were the beneficiaries of affirmative action in their admission to law school. American law schools and the American bar can justly take pride in the achievements of affirmative action: the training of tens of thousands of African American (as well as Latino, Asian American, and Native American) practitioners, community leaders, judges, and law professors; the integration of the American bar; the services that minority attorneys have provided to minority individuals and organizations once poorly serviced by white lawyers; and the educational benefits that law students of all backgrounds derive from studying in a racially diverse environment. But not every student admitted through affirmative action realizes his or her ambition to practice law. Of the African American students who entered law school in the fall of 1991, the one year for which we have good data, about 43% either did not graduate or graduated but had not passed a bar exam within two years of graduation. Only 17% of the white students in the 1991 cohort suffered either of these fates. In A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools (Systemic Analysis), Professor Richard Sander argues that if affirmative action were eliminated in law school admissions, the rate at which African American students fail to graduate and pass the bar would be reduced substantially without any concomitant loss in the numbers of African Americans joining the bar. He acknowledges that fewer African American students would be admitted to law school, but predicts that those who were admitted would graduate and pass the bar at much higher rates because they would no longer be attending schools where the competition was too stiff for them. Sander builds to an astonishing forecast: that the number of black lawyers produced by American law schools each year and subsequently passing the bar would probably increase if those schools collectively stopped using racial preferences. In particular, he predicts that the cohort entering law school in 2001 would have produced 7.9% more new black lawyers entering the bar.5 We agree with Sander that the high rate at which African American students fail to graduate and fail to pass the bar is alarming.6 Indeed, we take the problem so seriously that despite the high value we place on racial diversity within law schools, the four of us would not support affirmative action as currently practiced in law school admissions if we believed that employing race-neutral admissions criteria would in fact lead to a net increase in the number of African Americans passing the bar.7 We find, however, that while Sander has appropriately forced us and others to take a hard look at the actual workings of affirmative action, he has significantly overestimated the costs of affirmative action and failed to demonstrate benefits from ending it. The conclusions in Systemic Analysis rest on a series of statistical errors, oversights, and implausible assumptions. It is these empirical shortcomings that we address in this Response

Affirmative Action in American Law Schools: A Critical Response to Richard Sander\u27s A Reply to Critics

Richard Sander’s Stanford Law Review article, “A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools,” has generated considerable attention and criticism. This included a critical essay in the May 2005 Stanford Law Review by the four of us, as well as others in the same issue by Professors Ian Ayres and Richard Brooks, Michele Landis Dauber, and David Wilkins. Sander’s “A Reply to Critics” also appeared in the same issue. For those following this empirical debate about the costs and benefits of affirmative action, we provide this working paper as a response to Sander’s “A Reply to Critics.” We show the weaknesses in the logic that underlies many of Sander’s assumptions and arguments and show that his reply does not salvage the case against affirmative action that he claimed to have made in his Stanford article. Rather, Sander’s reply explicitly or implicitly repudiates much of the methodology and many of the claims he made in “Systemic Analysis,” even as he clings firmly to its conclusion and compounds earlier analytic mistakes with new ones

Food consumption trends and drivers

A picture of food consumption (availability) trends and projections to 2050, both globally and for different regions of the world, along with the drivers largely responsible for these observed consumption trends are the subject of this review. Throughout the world, major shifts in dietary patterns are occurring, even in the consumption of basic staples towards more diversified diets. Accompanying these changes in food consumption at a global and regional level have been considerable health consequences. Populations in those countries undergoing rapid transition are experiencing nutritional transition. The diverse nature of this transition may be the result of differences in socio-demographic factors and other consumer characteristics. Among other factors including urbanization and food industry marketing, the policies of trade liberalization over the past two decades have implications for health by virtue of being a factor in facilitating the ‘nutrition transition’ that is associated with rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Future food policies must consider both agricultural and health sectors, thereby enabling the development of coherent and sustainable policies that will ultimately benefit agriculture, human health and the environment

Morphological population balance modelling of the effect of crystallisation environment on the evolution of crystal size and shape of para-aminobenzoic acid

A current morphological population balance (MPB) modelling methodology, which integrates crystal morphology, facet growth kinetics with multi-dimensional population balance, is overviewed and demonstrated, hence providing an attractive approach for modelling crystallisation processes. MPB modelling is applied to simulate the batch crystallisation of the alpha-form of para-aminobenzoic acid from ethanolic solutions as a function of the crystallisation environment including cooling rate, seeding temperature and seed conditions (loading, size and shape). The evolution of crystal shape/size and their distributions revealed that higher loading led to smaller and less needle-like crystals with similar yields, hence potentially being an important parameter for process control. Examination of the development of the fracture surface for broken seeds, mimicking the seed conditions after milling in practice in the simulated processes, demonstrated that these faces grew fast and then rapidly disappeared from the external crystal morphology. Restriction and challenges inherent in the current model are also highlighted

Migrants: First work encounters

Migrants struggle to perform to expectation during their early years of settlement – a phenomenon usually ascribed to a combination of host country characteristics, migrant profile and the ‘acculturation’ process. The current study aimed to explore the role of migrants’ ‘first work encounters’ against the background of acculturation. Semi-structured phenomenological interviews were conducted with 19 South African migrants to Australia. Apart from confirming the personally challenging nature of migration, the study revealed that first work encounters facilitate realism, induce culture shock and generally influence migrants’ adjustment and acculturation. The findings have important implications for migrant support and Human Resource Management practices